eggsex

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-11T12:33:00.001+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Decoction
extract of a crude drug made by boiling or simmering (cooking) herbs in water; stronger than a tea or infusion.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-10T12:30:00.001+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Counterirritant
an agent that causes a distracting irritation intended to relieve another irritation.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-09T12:28:00.001+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Concentration
the amount of material in a solution in relationship to the amount of solvent; expressed as the ratio.
For example:
1:5 concentration means that 5 parts of an extract contains the equivalent of one part of the raw herb;
4:1 concentration means that 1 part of an extract contains the equivalent of 4 parts of the raw herb.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-08T12:25:00.000+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Choleretic
an agent that stimulates the formation of bile.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-07T12:24:00.001+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Cholegogue
an agent that stimulates secretion and release of bile.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-06T12:11:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Cathartic
a powerful agent used to relieve severe constipation (also called a purgative).
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-05T12:09:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Catarrh
inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially of the respiratory tract.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-04T12:06:00.003+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Carminative
a substance that stops the formation of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has already formed.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-03T12:05:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Calmative
an agent with mild sedative or hypnotic properties.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-02T12:03:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Bolus
a suppository poultice used for vaginal or rectal application; made by mixing powdered herb material in melted cocoa butter or similar base and hand-forming suppositories as the matrix cools.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-07-01T11:00:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Bitter tonic
a substance with an acrid, astringent or disagreeable taste that stimulates flow of saliva and gastric juices.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-30T10:58:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Astringent
an agent that contracts or shrinks tissues; it is used to decrease secretions or control bleeding.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-29T10:56:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Aromatic
a substance with a strong, volatile, fragrant aroma; often with stimulant properties.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-28T10:54:00.001+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Aphrodisiac
a substance that increases sexual desire or potency.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-27T10:18:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Aperitif
an agent that stimulates the appetite.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-26T10:15:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Aperient
a mild and gentle-acting laxative.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-25T10:13:00.001+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antispasmodic
an agent that relieves spasms or cramps.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-24T10:10:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antipyretic
an agent that reduces or prevents fever (also called a febrifuge).
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-23T10:06:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antihydrotic
a substance that reduces or suppresses perspiration.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-22T10:03:00.001+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Antihelmintic, anthelmintic
a substance that expels or destroys intestinal worms (also called a vermifuge).
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-21T10:00:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Anodyne
a pain relieving agent, less potent than an anesthetic or narcotic.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-20T09:47:00.002+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Analgesic
a substance that reduces or relieves pain.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-19T09:46:00.003+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Alkaloid
heterogeneous group of alkaline, organic, compounds containing nitrogen and usually oxygen; generally colorless and bitter-tasting; especially found in seed plants.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-18T09:42:00.001+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Alterative
a substance that produces a gradual, beneficial change in the body.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

understanding herbal terminology

2009-06-17T09:36:00.003+05:30

There are many words used to describe herbs and their actions on the body. The following is a guide to understanding these unique terms.
Adaptogen
a substance that invigorates or strengthens the system (also called a tonic).
Source: www.cncahealth.com

shelled hemp seed

2009-06-16T09:25:00.003+05:30

Common names
Hemp seed, hemp fruit, huo ma ren
Botanical names
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica
Parts used and where grown
Hemp is a form of the same plant as marijuana that generally has much lower levels of the psychoactive cannabinoid compounds. The seed and seed oil have probably been used for food, cooking, and lamp oil in Asia and North Africa for millennia. Hemp is believed to come from China. The nutty seeds normally have a hard shell which has to be removed to make it edible. Today, in order to be legal in most countries, the seeds must be treated so that they cannot be planted and grown.
Shelled hemp seed has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Atherosclerosis
* - Attention deficient–hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD)
* - Eczema
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Hemp is known from archeological and historical records to have been used for a very long time for making fiber for clothing and ropes. The edible seeds and oil expressed from the seeds are noted in ancient Chinese medicine for their medicinal effects as well. Known as huo ma ren (literally “fire hemp seed”), hemp seed is used primarily for alleviating constipation as a bulk-forming laxative.1 Hemp is also mentioned in ancient Egyptian medical texts such as the Ebers papyrus as well as other places for use in making rope.2
Active constituents
Hemp seeds contain oil that is relatively rich in essential fatty acids. In particular, hemp oil is a source of both the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and the omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). A tablespoon of seeds generally contains 3 to 4 grams of total fat, of which 70% are polyunsaturated fats and as much as 15 to 20% are ALA.3 GLA content is generally much lower at roughly 2 to 5%. ALA and GLA and other plants that contain one or both of these substances, such as flax, borage, evening primrose, and black currant, are known or strongly believed to have benefits for a variety of inflammatory conditions, atherosclerosis, and some neurological problems. However, the benefits of hemp seed for any of these issues has not been studied. Hemp also contains natural vitamin E and a significant amount of protein.4
An unidentified compound or compounds from an extract of hemp seeds has been shown to promote memory, learning, and immune function in mice.5 6 It is believed to act by stimulating a brain enzyme known as calcineurin.
Hemp seeds contain cannabinols such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compounds found in marijuana leaves, flowers, and seeds. The levels are generally significantly lower than those found in marijuana products, and most tests have found that volunteers fed even large amounts of shelled hemp seed or oil do not have psychological effects and do not have positive urine tests for marijuana.7 8 However, some reports have found that some people can develop sufficient levels of THC metabolites in their urine that they would be considered to have smoked marijuana.9
How much is usually taken?
Typically 1 tablespoon (15 grams) of shelled hemp seed is taken twice per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
For most people there are no side effects, except sometimes loosening of the stool. However, some people may experience hallucinations or euphoria if they are particularly sensitive to THC or if they happen to use a brand that has somewhat higher THC levels. As the oils in hemp seed are known to inhibit platelets, anyone taking hemp seed oil with anticoagulant drugs should be aware that there is a theoretical possibility that bleeding could occur.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with shelled hemp seed.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

greater celandine

2009-06-15T01:24:00.002+05:30

Botanical name
Chelidonium majus
Parts used and where grown
Greater celandine grows primarily in Europe and Asia, although it has been introduced in North America. The leaves and small yellow flowers of greater celandine are used as medicine. Although the roots and rhizomes of the plant have also been used medicinally, most clinical trials have used the above-ground parts of the plant collected at the time of flowering.1
Greater celandine has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Indigestion
* - Biliary dyskinesia
* - Cholecystitis
* - Warts
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
European herbal traditions regard greater celandine as a valuable remedy for the topical treatment of warts.2 It was also a folk remedy for cancer, gout, jaundice, and a variety of skin diseases. The famous French herbalist Maurice Mességué used greater celandine extensively in hand and foot baths and teas for many conditions, particularly those affecting the liver.3 In eastern Asia it was also valued as a treatment for peptic ulcer.4
Active constituents
Greater celandine, like other members of the Papaveraceae (poppy) family, contains alkaloids as its major constituents. These include chelidoxanthine, chelidonine, and coptisine. Greater celandine extracts have been shown to stimulate production of bile and pancreatic digestive enzymes in human studies.5
Animal and test tube studies have shown that the alkaloids and whole plant extract can relieve gallbladder spasms and stimulate an under-active gallbladder.6 7 Test tube and animal studies have also shown celandine extracts and purified alkaloids to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties.8 9 10 They have also shown greater celandine’s ability to protect animal livers from toxic substances.11 12
A double-blind trial found that a standardized extract of greater celandine could relieve symptoms of indigestion (such as abdominal cramping, sensation of fullness, and nausea) significantly better than a placebo.13 The trial used an extract standardized to 4 mg of chelidonine per capsule and gave 1–2 tablets three times daily for six weeks. An earlier, preliminary trial also found the same extract reduced symptoms in people with indigestion.14
Preliminary reports from Russia and China have reported that a tincture of greater celandine applied topically was useful for warts.15 However, these results have not yet been confirmed by double-blind clinical trials.
Several reports describe Eastern European clinical trials using semi-synthetic derivatives of greater celandine alkaloids for people with cancer.16 This injectable product goes by the name Ukrain®. The findings on this drug cannot be applied to greater celandine because the alkaloids have been modified from their original form.
How much is usually taken?
One explanation for the variable results obtained from using greater celandine is improperly prepared, dried extracts.17 Drying extracts quickly at high temperature is necessary to preserve the alkaloids.18 Extracts standardized to a content of 4 mg chelidonine per capsule are recommended to be taken three times per day.19 Alternatively, one may mix 1–3 ml tincture into water and sip slowly 10–30 minutes before eating. Topical applications should consist of either concentrated tinctures or the fresh yellow latex. Herbalists and doctors recommend applying fresh latex once per day to warts and allowing it to dry in place.20
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Use of fresh plant products may cause stomach upset.21 Topical use has been associated with intense itching and a rash in one case.22 Greater celandine should be avoided during pregnancy and in children under age 12.23 A recent report of ten women in Germany suffering from acute hepatitis following supplementation with a standardized extract of greater celandine (dosage was not given) suggest this herb should be avoided by people with hepatitis or impaired liver function. Greater celandine should be used cautiously and under the supervision of a healthcare professional until more is understood about its potential liver toxicity.24
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with greater celandine.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

gotu kola

2009-06-14T01:18:00.003+05:30

Botanical name
Centella asiatica
Parts used and where grown
This plant grows in a widespread distribution in tropical, swampy areas, including parts of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and South Africa. It also grows in Eastern Europe. The roots and leaves are used medicinally.
Gotu kola has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Chronic venous insufficiency
** - Skin ulcers (topical and by intramuscular injection)
** - Wound healing
* - Burns (minor)
* - Scars
* - Scleroderma
* - Varicose veins
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Gotu kola has been important in the medicinal systems of central Asia for centuries. In Sri Lanka, it was purported to prolong life, as the leaves are commonly eaten by elephants. Numerous skin diseases, ranging from poorly healing wounds to leprosy, have been treated with gotu kola. Gotu kola also has a historical reputation for boosting mental activity and for helping a variety of illnesses, such as high blood pressure, rheumatism, fever, and nervous disorders. Some of its common applications in Ayurvedic medicine include heart disease, water retention, hoarseness, bronchitis, and coughs in children, and as a poultice for many skin conditions.1
Active constituents
The primary active constituents of gotu kola are saponins (also called triterpenoids), which include asiaticoside, madecassoside and madasiatic acid.2 These saponins may prevent excessive scar formation by inhibiting the production of collagen (the material that makes up connective tissue) at the wound site. These constituents are also associated with promoting wound healing. One preliminary trial in humans found that a gotu kola extract improved healing of infected wounds (unless the infection had reached bone).3 Additionally, a review of French studies suggests that topical gotu kola can improve healing of burns and wounds.4 Clinical trials have also shown it can help those with chronic venous insufficiency5 6 Another trial found gotu kola extract helpful for preventing and treating enlarged scars (keloids).7
How much is usually taken?
Dried gotu kola leaf can be made into a tea by adding 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 grams) to about 2/3 cup (150 ml) of boiling water and allowing it to steep for ten to fifteen minutes. Three cups (750 ml) are usually suggested per day. Fluid extract (1/2–1 teaspoon (3–5 ml) per day) or a tincture (2–4 teaspoons (10–20 ml) per day) are sometimes recommended. Standardized extracts containing up to 100% total saponins (triterpenoids), 60 mg once or twice per day, are frequently used in modern herbal medicine.8
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Except for the rare person who is allergic to gotu kola, no significant adverse effects are experienced with internal or topical use of this herb.9
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with gotu kola.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

goji

2009-06-13T01:08:00.003+05:30

Also indexed as
Goji Berry
Common names
Goji, wolfberry, Chinese boxthorn, Gou Qi Zi
Botanical names
Lycium chinense; Lycium barbarum
Parts used and where grown
Goji berries are the fruit of a shrub native to China.
Goji has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Macular degeneration
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Goji berry use has been described in traditional Chinese medicine since the first century A.D. They are often combined with other herbs as a tonic to increase longevity.1 Other uses attributed to goji berries include enhancing immune function, improving circulation and eyesight, protecting the liver, and increasing sperm production.2 3
Active constituents
Goji berries contain several nutrients as well as substances with potential biological effects.4 Polysaccharides make up a large percentage of the pulp, and when these polysaccharides were given to animals orally or directly into the stomach, they improved antioxidant status;5 6 lowered blood levels of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol;7 8 9 protected DNA;10 11 slowed the growth and spread of cancer cells;12 13 enhanced immune function;14 15 16 prevented fatigue during exercise;17 and improved sexual performance and fertility in partially castrated animals.18 However, very large amounts of purified goji berry polysaccharides were given to these animals, and no human research has been published investigating these effects, so whether people using goji berries or their juice in reasonable amounts would experience similar benefits is unknown.
Goji berries are also a rich source of zeaxanthin, a carotenoid that when consumed becomes concentrated in the macular pigment of the eye and may help protect the retina.19 20 Both human and monkey studies have shown that consuming goji berries or extracts high in zeaxanthin raises blood levels of zeaxanthin,21 22 23 24 but only animal research has verified that goji berry consumption increases macular pigment, and no research has looked at whether goji berries provide protection from diseases of the retina.
Other animal research has found that zeaxanthin extracts of goji berry and purified goji berry polysaccharides can each protect against liver damage.25 26
How much is usually taken?
Traditional Chinese medicine recommends boiling 5 to 15 grams of the dried berry to make a tea and drinking at least half a cup per day. Eating about 15 grams of whole goji berries is known to raise blood levels of zeaxanthin.27 No reliable information is available to establish a recommended amount of goji juice.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There is one reported case of increased bleeding tendency in a woman taking the anticoagulant warfarin who also drank 3 to 4 glasses per day of goji berry tea.28 No other reports of bleeding problems or other adverse effects in people using goji berry products have been published.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with goji.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

hydroxycitric acid

2009-06-12T00:54:00.002+05:30

Also indexed as
Garcinia cambogia, HCA
Introduction
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a compound found in Garcinia cambogia, a type of fruit. HCA has a chemical structure similar to that of citric acid (the primary acid in citrus fruits).
Where is it found?
HCA is found in only a few plants, with one rich source being the rind of a little pumpkin-shaped fruit called Garcinia cambogia, which is native to Southeast Asia. This fruit (also called Malabar tamarind) is used as a condiment in dishes such as curry.
HCA has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to it for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Weight loss
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?
Since it is not an essential nutrient, HCA is not associated with a deficiency state.
How much is usually taken?
Optimal amounts of HCA remain unknown. Although dieters sometimes take 500 mg of HCA three times per day (before each meal), this amount is far below the levels used in animal research (figured on a per-pound body weight basis). The effect of HCA is enhanced when used in conjunction with a low-fat diet, because HCA does nothing to reduce the caloric effects of dietary fat. Since HCA’s mechanism of action seems to be at least partially a blockade of conversion of simple sugars into fats,1 it is likely to work best in conjunction with a high simple sugar diet. HCA may therefore be less useful if it only offsets the negative effects of an otherwise unhealthy diet. High-fiber diets may impair absorption of HCA as noted above. HCA supplements are available in many forms, including tablets, capsules, powders, snack bars, and chewing gum.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
HCA has not been linked to any adverse effects.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with HCA.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

reishi

2009-06-11T22:35:00.003+05:30

Common names
Ling chih, Ling zhi
Botanical name
Ganoderma lucidum
Parts used and where grown
Reishi mushrooms grow wild on decaying logs and tree stumps in the coastal provinces of China. The fruiting body of the mushroom is employed medicinally. Reishi grows in six different colors, but the red variety is most commonly used and commercially cultivated in North America, China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea.1
Reishi has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Benign prostatic hyperplasia
* - Altitude sickness
* - Hepatitis
* - HIV support
* - Hypertension
* - Infection
* - Type 1 diabetes
* - Type 2 diabetes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Reishi has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for at least 2,000 years.2 The Chinese name ling zhi translates as the “herb of spiritual potency” and was highly prized as an elixir of immortality.3 Its Traditional Chinese Medicine indications include treatment of general fatigue and weakness, asthma, insomnia, and cough.4
Active constituents
Reishi contains several major constituents, including sterols, coumarin, mannitol, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids called ganoderic acids. Ganoderic acids may lower blood pressure as well as decrease LDL (“bad”) cholesterol. These specific triterpenoids also help reduce blood platelets from sticking together—an important factor in lowering the risk for coronary artery disease. While human research has been reported that demonstrates some efficacy for the herb in treating altitude sickness and chronic hepatitis B, these uses still need to be confirmed in well-designed human trials.5 Animal studies and some very preliminary trials in humans suggest reishi may have some beneficial action in people with diabetes mellitus and cancer.6 Two controlled clinical trials have investigated the effects of reishi on high blood pressure in humans and both found it could lower blood pressure significantly compared to a placebo or controls.7 8 The people with hypertension in the second study had previously not responded to medications, though these were continued during the study.
How much is usually taken?
Reishi can be taken either as 1.5–9 grams per day of the crude dried mushroom, 1–1.5 grams per day in powdered form, 1 ml per day of tincture, or as a tea.9
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Side effects from reishi can include dizziness, dry mouth and throat, nosebleeds, and abdominal upset. These rare effects may develop with continuous use over three to six months.10 Pregnant or breast-feeding women should consult a physician before taking reishi.
Are there any drug interactions?
Certain medicines may interact with reishi.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with reishi: Some interactions may increase the need for reishi (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate reishi should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Heparin (-)
Warfarin (-)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

maitake

2009-06-10T22:24:00.001+05:30

Botanical name
Grifola frondosa
Parts used and where grown
Maitake is a very large mushroom, which grows deep in the mountains of northeastern Japan, as well as in North America and Europe. Famous for its taste and health benefits, maitake is also known as the “dancing mushroom.”1 Legend holds that those who found the rare mushroom began dancing with joy. Others attribute its name to the way the fruit bodies of the mushroom overlap each other, giving the appearance of dancing butterflies.
Maitake is extremely sensitive to environmental changes, which have presented many challenges to those cultivating this mushroom. However, Japanese farmers have succeeded in producing high-quality organic maitake mushrooms, allowing for wider availability both in Japan and the U.S. The fruiting body and mycelium of maitake are used medicinally.
Maitake has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - High cholesterol and high triglyceride levels
* - HIV support
* - Immune function
* - Infection
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Historically, maitake has been used as a tonic and adaptogen (a substance that invigorates or strengthens the system). Along with other “medicinal” mushrooms, such as shiitake and reishi, maitake was used as a food to help promote wellness and vitality.
Active constituents
A common denominator among some mushrooms and some herbs is the presence of complex polysaccharides in their structure. These active constituents help support immune system function and are sometimes called immunomodulators. The polysaccharides present in maitake have a unique structure and are among the most powerful studied in test tubes to date.2 The primary polysaccharide, beta-D-glucan, is well absorbed when taken orally and is being studied as a potential tool for prevention and treatment of cancer and as a adjunctive treatment for HIV infection.3 4 Animal studies suggest maitake may lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides.5 6 However, this research is still preliminary and requires human trials for confirmation.
How much is usually taken?
Maitake can be used as a food or tea and is also available as a capsule or tablet containing the entire fruiting body of the mushroom. For maitake, the fruit body is higher in polysaccharides than the mycelium, which is why it is recommended. Whole-mushroom maitake supplements, 3–7 grams per day, can be taken.7 Liquid maitake extracts with variable concentrations of polysaccharides are available, and should be taken as directed.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Used as recommended above, there have been no reports of side effects with maitake.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with maitake.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

psyllium

2009-06-09T22:00:00.003+05:30

Common names
Flea seed, Ispaghula, Spogel
Botanical names
Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula
Parts used and where grown
Psyllium is native to Iran and India and is currently cultivated in these countries. The seeds are primarily used in traditional herbal medicine. Psyllium seed husks are mainly used to treat constipation.
Psyllium has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Constipation
*** - Diverticular disease
*** - High cholesterol
*** - Irritable bowel syndrome
*** - Type 2 diabetes
** - Atherosclerosis
** - Diarrhea
** - Hemorrhoids
** - High triglycerides
** - Ulcerative colitis (to maintain remission)
* - Parkinson’s disease (for constipation)
* - Weight loss and obesity
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
In addition to its traditional and current use for constipation, psyllium was also used topically by herbalists to treat skin irritations, including poison ivy reactions and insect bites and stings. It has also been used in traditional herbal systems of China and India to treat diarrhea, hemorrhoids, bladder problems, and high blood pressure.
Active constituents
Psyllium is a bulk-forming laxative and is high in both fiber and mucilage. Psyllium seeds contain 10–30% mucilage. The laxative properties of psyllium are due to the swelling of the husk when it comes in contact with water. This forms a gelatinous mass that keeps feces hydrated and soft, provided it is taken with sufficient water. The resulting bulk stimulates a reflex contraction of the walls of the bowel, followed by emptying.1
Psyllium is a common ingredient in over-the-counter bulk laxative products. One preliminary trial found that psyllium seeds relieved constipation when it was due to lifestyle factors (e.g., inadequate fiber, sedentary lifestyle), but not when an actual disease was the cause.2 Numerous double-blind trials have found that supplementation with psyllium can lower total cholesterol and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol.3 However, levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol are not affected by psyllium supplementation.4 The cholesterol-lowering effect of psyllium has been reported in children,5 as well as in adults.6 Psyllium supplementation has also improved blood sugar levels in some people with diabetes.7 8 9 The soluble fiber component of psyllium is believed to account for this effect.
In a double-blind trial, people with ulcerative colitis had a reduction in symptoms such as bleeding and remained in remission longer when they took 20 grams of ground psyllium seeds twice daily with water compared to the use of the medication mesalamine alone.10 Also, the combination of the two was slightly more effective than either alone.
How much is usually taken?
The suggested intake of psyllium husks to treat constipation is 1 teaspoon (approximately 5 grams) three times per day. Alternatively, some references suggest taking 2–6 teaspoons (10–30 grams) of the whole seeds per day—typically taken in three even amounts throughout the day.11 This is stirred into a large glass of water or juice and drunk immediately before it thickens.12 It is best to follow label instructions on over-the-counter psyllium products for constipation. It is important to maintain a high water intake when using psyllium.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Using psyllium in recommended amounts is generally safe. People with chronic constipation should seek the advice of a healthcare professional. Some people with irritable bowel syndrome feel worse when taking psyllium and may do better with soluble fiber, such as in fruit. People with an obstruction of the bowel or people with diabetes who have difficulty regulating their blood sugar should not use psyllium.13 Side effects, such as allergic skin and respiratory reactions to psyllium dust, have largely been limited to people working in factories manufacturing psyllium products.
Are there any drug interactions?
Certain medicines interact with psyllium: Some interactions may increase the need for psyllium (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate psyllium should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) (+)
Lithium (-)
Mesalamine (+)
Orlistat (+)
Simvastatin (+)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

eyebright

2009-06-08T21:50:00.003+05:30

Common name
Red eyebright
Botanical name
Euphrasia officinalis
Parts used and where grown
In the wild, European eyebright grows in meadows, pastures, and grassy places in Bulgaria, Hungary, and the former Yugoslavia. Eyebright is also grown commercially in Europe. The plant flowers in late summer and autumn. The whole herb is used in herbal medicine.
Eyebright has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Conjunctivitis/blepharitis
* - Irritated eyes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Eyebright was and continues to be used by herbalists primarily as a poultice for the topical treatment of eye inflammations, including conjunctivitis/blepharitis and sties. Traditionally, a compress made from a decoction of eyebright is used to give relief from redness, swelling, and visual disturbances due to eye infections.1 A tea is sometimes given internally along with the topical treatment. It has also been used for the treatment of eye fatigue and other disturbances of vision. In addition, herbalists have recommended eyebright for problems of the respiratory tract, including sinus infections, coughs, and sore throat.2 None of the traditional uses of eyebright have been studied in clinical research.
Active constituents
While there are many chemicals that may be active in eyebright, none of them has been proven to have any effect on eye inflammation or irritation. Some herbal texts suggest that the astringent actions of eyebright may reduce eye irritation while others suggest that eyebright may also have antibacterial actions topically. To date, there are no clinical studies to support or refute these proposed actions.
How much is usually taken?
Traditional herbal texts recommend a compress made with 1 tablespoon (15 grams) of the dried herb combined with 2 cups (500 ml) of water and boiled for ten minutes.3 The undiluted liquid is used as a compress after cooling. The German Commission E monograph does not support this application, due to possible impurities in non-pharmaceutical preparations.4 Consult with a physician knowledgeable in the use of herbs before applying eyebright to the eyes.
Internally, two to three cups per day of eyebright tea is sometimes recommended. Dried herb, 1/2–3/4 teaspoon (2–4 grams) three times per day, may also be taken. The tincture is typically taken in 1/2–1 1/4 teaspoons (2–6 ml) three times per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Due to limited information on the active constituents in eyebright and the need for sterility in substances used topically in the eyes, the traditional use of eyebright as a topical compress currently cannot be recommended without professional support. Used internally at the amounts listed above, eyebright is generally safe. However, its safety during pregnancy and breast-feeding has not been proven.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with eyebright.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

vervain

2009-06-07T21:42:00.003+05:30

Common name
European vervain
Botanical name
Verbena officinalis
Parts used and where grown
The most commonly used species is European vervain (Verbena officinalis), though blue vervain (V. hastata) and V. macdougalii, among others, are probably interchangeable. V. officinalis is native to Europe, Asia, and Africa and has spread to North America. Other medicinal species are native to North America. The leaf and flower are used in herbal medicine.
Vervain has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Colic (in combination with chamomile, licorice, fennel, and lemon balm)
* - Depression
* - Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
* - Indigestion
* - Sinusitis (in combination with gentian root, primrose flowers, sorrel herb, and elder flowers)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Due to its bitter taste, herbalists used vervain to improve digestion. Vervain was also used to treat people with depression and spastic pains in the gastrointestinal tract, as a mild diaphoretic (to induce sweating and promote mild fevers), and for all manner of female reproductive system problems when associated with melancholy or anxiety.1 Early 20th century Eclectic physicians (doctors who recommended herbal medicines) in the United States felt vervain might be helpful for mild digestive problems.2 Vervain also has a reputation as a traditional remedy for stimulating production of breast milk.3
Active constituents
The active constituents of vervain have not been thoroughly demonstrated. Glycosides, such as verbenalin and aucubin, and a volatile oil may all contribute to its activity.4 No human studies have documented the use of this herb for any condition.
How much is usually taken?
A tea of vervain leaves and flowers is prepared by adding 1–2 teaspoons (2–4 grams) to a pint (500 ml) of hot water which is left to steep, covered, for 10–15 minutes.5 Three cups (750 ml) per day are typically recommended by doctors. The taste of the tea is fairly disagreeable, therefore, most people prefer a tincture. Tincture, 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 ml) three times per day, is also suggested.6
Are there any side effects or interactions?
No adverse effects of vervain have been reported. Vervain should be avoided during pregnancy.7 Although, traditionally, its use was during the last two weeks of pregnancy to facilitate labor. Vervain should be used during pregnancy only under the guidance of a healthcare professional experienced in herbal medicine.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with vervain.
Source: http://www.cncahealth.com/

mistletoe

2009-06-06T21:19:00.001+05:30

Common name
European mistletoe
Botanical name
Viscum album
Parts used and where grown
Mistletoe grows as a partial parasite on a variety of trees—particularly pine, apple, plum, poplar, and spruce—across northern Europe and Asia. The young leafy twigs with flowers are used. Mistletoe’s white berries are potentially toxic and should be avoided. American mistletoe, various species of Phoradendron, are similar but have not been widely studied. They should not be substituted for European mistletoe until more information is available.
Mistletoe has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Breast cancer
* - High blood pressure
* - HIV support
* - Type 1 diabetes
* - Type 2 diabetes
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
The ancient Druids of northern Europe and other pagan groups revered mistletoe, particularly when it infected oak trees (a rare occurrence). Over time, this reverence of mistletoe was translated into the Christian ritual of hanging mistletoe over doorways at Christmas. The custom of kissing under the mistletoe may be a remnant of pagan orgies held before mistletoe altars.1
The name mistletoe is said to derive from the Celtic word for “all-heal.” This correlates with its historical use for everything from nervous complaints to bleeding to tumors.2 It is difficult to categorize all of the uses of mistletoe, particularly when one looks at the vast number of uses for this herb in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine. In the early 20th century, Rudolf Steiner created what is known as anthroposophical medicine. This mystical system used a variety of unusual remedies, including special extracts of mistletoe for injection. Steiner helped bring mistletoe into the modern era of scientific research, particularly as a potential treatment for cancer.3
Active constituents
Several constituents have been shown to contribute to the medicinal action of mistletoe. Most notable are mistletoe lectins (also called viscotoxins), choline derivatives, alkaloids, polypeptides, and polysaccharides. Human pharmacological studies have found that mistletoe extract given by injection stimulates immune system function.4 5 6 Some test tube and animal studies suggest that certain mistletoe constituents, including the alkaloids, can also kill cancer cells.7 8 Numerous clinical trials have found that subcutaneous injections of mistletoe extracts can help people with cancer of various organs, though some have also failed to show any benefit.9 10 There is no evidence that people with cancer would benefit from receiving mistletoe orally.
Mistletoe’s other uses have been less rigorously studied. Preliminary trials carried out using oral mistletoe have found it can reduce the symptoms of high blood pressure, particularly headaches and dizziness.11 12 However, mistletoe has a small (if any) effect on actually lowering blood pressure.13
Test tube and animal studies suggest that mistletoe extracts can stimulate insulin secretion from pancreas cells and may improve blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.14 15 Given both mistletoe’s tradition around the world for helping people with diabetes and these promising preclinical results, human clinical trials are needed to establish mistletoe’s potential for this condition.
How much is usually taken?
Traditionally a cold water extract (cold infusion) is made by soaking 2–4 teaspoons (10–20 grams) of chopped mistletoe in two cups (500 ml) of water overnight.16 This is taken first thing in the morning and can be sweetened with honey. Another batch is left to steep during the day and drunk at bedtime. Alternately a hot tea can be made by infusing 1 teaspoon (5 grams) of leaves in a cup (250 ml) of just-boiled water for 5–10 minutes. Two cups (500 ml) are consumed per day.17 A tincture, approximately 1/8 teaspoon (1/2 ml) three times per day, can also be used.
At least three standardized, injectable extracts have been studied in Europe: Iscador, Helixor, and Eurixor. These products are not designed for self-treatment and are not commercially available in the United States. Iscador is the only fermented extract of the three, and each is standardized in a different way, making comparisons between the extracts difficult. In addition, there are different forms of each extract taken from mistletoe growing on different host trees. Typically, one weekly injection providing 1 mg of mistletoe lectin I per kilogram of body weight is given. People interested in subcutaneous or other injectable forms of mistletoe should consult with a physician.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
In the oral amounts mentioned above, mistletoe is rarely associated with side effects.18 Two reports, however, have confirmed the danger of ingesting mistletoe leaves and berries in large quantities, particularly when children accidentally eat the berries at Christmas.19 20 Many of these exposures involved American mistletoe and not European mistletoe. European mistletoe is less toxic than the American species. If six to twenty berries or four to five leaves are eaten, then activated charcoal or ipecac can be used at home to induce vomiting. Emergency room care is only indicated if more than 20 berries or five leaves are ingested or if symptoms develop at lower levels of exposure. Possible symptoms of overdose are nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, or dizziness.
Injectable forms of mistletoe may cause local redness and pain but otherwise have rarely been associated with serious side effects. There is one case report of a severe allergic reaction to an injected mistletoe preparation.21 Mistletoe is not recommended for use in children, or for women during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with mistletoe.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

eucalyptus

2009-06-05T20:04:00.002+05:30

Botanical name
Eucalyptus globulus
Parts used and where grown
Eucalyptus is an evergreen tree native to Australia but is cultivated worldwide. The plant’s leaves—and the oil that is steam-distilled from them—are used medicinally.1
Eucalyptus has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Insect repellant (topical)
* - Athletic performance (topical)
* - Bronchitis
* - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* - Common cold
* - Cough
* - Genital herpes (topical)
* - Infection
* - Low back pain
* - Rheumatism (topical use)
* - Rheumatoid arthritis (oil, topical)
* - Sinus congestion
* - Sinusitis
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Eucalyptus was first used by Australian aborigines, who not only chewed the roots for water in the dry outback but used the leaves as a remedy for fevers. In the 1800s, crew members of an Australian freighter developed high fevers, but were able to successfully cure their condition using eucalyptus tea. Thus, eucalyptus became well known throughout Europe and the Mediterranean as the Australian fever tree. Early 19th century Eclectic physicians in the United States not only used eucalyptus oil to sterilize instruments and wounds, but recommended a steam inhalation of the vapor of its oil to help treat asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, and emphysema.2
Active constituents
The major constituent in eucalyptus leaves is a volatile oil known as eucalyptol (1,8-cineol). In order to provide an effective expectorant and antiseptic action, the leaf oil should contain approximately 70–85% eucalyptol.3 Eucalyptus oil is said to function in a fashion similar to that of menthol by acting on receptors in the nasal mucosa, leading to a reduction in symptoms such as nasal congestion.4 In test tube studies, eucalyptus species have been shown to possess antibacterial actions against such organisms as Bacillus subtilis,5 as well as several strains of Streptococcus.6 These actions have not been researched in human clinical trials.
Peppermint (10 grams) and eucalyptus oil (5 grams) in combination, applied topically to the forehead and temples for three minutes with a small sponge, have been shown to be helpful as a muscle relaxant (but not for pain relief) in people with tension headaches.7 A eucalyptus oil extract containing 50% p-methane-3,8-diol (PMD) as the active ingredient has been shown to be effective in protecting human volunteers from various types of biting insects.8 On human forearms, it was determined that the eucalyptus extract was nearly as effective as a 20% solution of diethyltoluamine (used in many insect repellents) in repelling bites of the Anopheles mosquito (the insect that spreads malaria) for up to five hours. The eucalyptus extract was also effective at repelling flies (94%) and midges (100%) for up to six hours.
A preliminary study suggests the combination of eucalyptus and menthol as a nasal inhalant is helpful in cases of mild to moderate snoring.9 Also, in a double-blind trial, a eucalyptus-based rub was found helpful for warming muscles in athletes.10 This further suggests eucalyptus may help relieve minor muscle soreness when applied topically, though studies are needed to confirm this possibility.
How much is usually taken?
Eucalyptus oil (0.05–0.2 ml per day) can be taken internally by adults.11 It should always be diluted in warm water before consuming. For local applications, 30 ml of the oil can be mixed in 500 ml of lukewarm water and applied topically as an insect repellent or used over the temporal areas of the forehead for tension headaches. As an inhalant, add a few drops of eucalyptus oil to hot water or a vaporizer. Deeply inhale the steam vapor. For eucalyptus leaf preparations, an infusion of 2–3 grams of the chopped leaves may be boiled in 150 ml of water and taken two times per day. Eucalyptus oil needs to be used very cautiously since as little as 3.5 ml of the oil taken internally has proven fatal.12 It is best for people to discuss internal use with a qualified healthcare professional.
Warning: Eucalyptus oil needs to be used very cautiously since as little as 3.5 ml of the oil taken internally has proven fatal. It is best for individuals to discuss internal use with a qualified healthcare professional.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Side effects from the internal use of eucalyptus can include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Eucalyptus oil should not be used by infants and children under the age of two, especially near the face and nose, due to the risk of airway spasm and possible cessation of breathing.13 The oil may aggravate bronchial spasms in people with asthma and should not be taken internally by those with severe liver diseases and inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and kidney.14 15 Whole-body application of eucalyptus oil (double-distilled, containing 80–85% cineole oil) resulted in severe nervous system toxicity in a six year old girl.16 Parents are advised to use topical eucalyptus oil in moderation with children.
Although there are no known reports of drug interactions, the German Commission E monograph suggests that because eucalyptus oil may activate certain enzyme systems in the liver, it may potentially weaken or shorten the action of some medications, including pentobarbital, aminopyrine, and amphetamine.17 18 Eucalyptus should not be used in large amounts by people with low blood pressure as it may cause a further drop in blood pressure.19 The safety of eucalyptus oil has not been established in pregnant or nursing women.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with eucalyptus.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

elecampane

2009-06-04T19:56:00.001+05:30

Common name
Inula
Botanical name
Inula helenium
Parts used and where grown
Elecampane is indigenous to Europe and Asia and is now grown in the United States. The dried roots and rhizomes (branching part of the root) are collected in fall or early winter and used in herbal preparations.
Elecampane has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Asthma
* - Bronchitis
* - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* - Cough
* - Indigestion
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Traditionally, herbalists have used elecampane to treat coughs, particularly those associated with bronchitis, asthma, and whooping cough.1 The herb has also been used historically to treat poor digestion and general complaints of the intestinal tract.
Active constituents
Elecampane root and rhizome contain approximately 1–4% volatile oils.2 Most of these volatile oils are composed of sesquiterpene lactones, including alantolactone. Elecampane is also very high in inulin (44%)3 and mucilage. Most herbal texts attribute the actions of elecampane to alantolactone.4 The antitussive (cough prevention and treatment) and carminative (soothing effect on the intestinal tract) effects of elecampane, however, may possibly be due to the inulin and mucilage content. Isolated alantolactone has been used to treat parasites (e.g., roundworm, threadworm, hookworm, whipworm). This use is only by prescription and is not approved in all European countries.5
How much is usually taken?
The German Commission E Monograph states the historical application of elecampane has not been adequately proven to recommend its use.6 This is partially based on the potential side effects listed below. For traditional use, elecampane is typically recommended as a tea. Boiling water is poured over 1/4 teaspoon (1 gram) of the ground root and rhizome, left to steep for ten to fifteen minutes, then strained. One cup of this preparation is taken three to four times daily. Some texts recommend 1/2 to 1 teaspoon (3–5 ml) of a tincture three times daily.7
Are there any side effects or interactions?
The inulin in elecampane root is widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and plants. It is classified as a food ingredient (not as an additive) and is considered safe to eat.8 In fact, inulin is a significant part of the daily diet of most of the world’s population.9 However, there is a report of a 39-year-old man having a life-threatening allergic reaction after consuming high amounts of inulin from multiple sources.10 Allergy to inulin in this individual was confirmed by laboratory tests. Such sensitivities are extremely rare. Moreover, this man did not take elecampane. Nevertheless, people with a confirmed sensitivity to inulin should avoid elecampane.
Alantolactone can be an irritant to the intestinal tract and, along with other sesquiterpene lactones in elecampane, may cause localized irritation in the mouth. Amounts several times higher than those stated above may cause vomiting, diarrhea, spasms, and signs of paralysis.11 If these symptoms occur, people should contact their local poison control center. Pregnant or nursing women should not use elecampane.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with elecampane.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

lomatium

2009-06-03T19:49:00.003+05:30

Botanical name
Lomatium dissectum
Parts used and where grown
Lomatium is native to western North America. Lomatium is potentially threatened in some parts of its habitat, so it should not be picked from the wild without consulting local experts familiar with the plant. The root of lomatium is used medicinally.
Lomatium has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Infection
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Native Americans of many tribes reportedly used lomatium root to treat a wide variety of infections, particularly those affecting the lungs.1 Lomatium was used, particularly in the southwestern United States, during the influenza pandemic of 1917 with reportedly good results. Active constituents
According to obscure sources, lomatium is reputed to have antiviral effects. One source suggests the constituents tetronic acids and a glucoside of luteolin may be potentially antiviral.2 However, little is known about how these compounds act or if other ones might be as important.
How much is usually taken?
Lomatium extracts with the resins removed (often called lomatium isolates), 1–3 ml per day, have been recommended. Lomatium tincture, 1–3 ml three times per day, can also be used, but it may cause a rash in susceptible people. The tincture should not be used unless a very small amount of it is first tested for a reaction. However, even very small amounts can cause a reaction in sensitive people.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Use of lomatium extracts or tinctures containing the resin (and possibly the coumarins) can, in some people, cause a whole-body rash.3 This herb may also lead to nausea in some people. The safety of lomatium during pregnancy and breast-feeding is unknown and is therefore not recommended.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with lomatium.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

damiana

2009-06-02T19:42:00.003+05:30

Botanical name
Turnera diffusa
Parts used and where grown
The leaves of damiana were originally used as medicine by the indigenous cultures of Central America, particularly Mexico. Today the plant is found in hot, humid climates, including Mexico and parts of Texas, the Caribbean, and southern Africa.
Damiana has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Depression
* - Erectile dysfunction
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Damiana has been hailed as an aphrodisiac since ancient times, particularly by the native peoples of Mexico.1 Other folk uses have included asthma, bronchitis, neurosis, and various sexual disorders.2 It has also been promoted as a euphoria-inducing substance.
Active constituents
Most research has been done on the volatile oil of damiana, which includes numerous small, fragrant substances called terpenes.3 As yet, it is unclear if the volatile oil is truly the main active constituent of damiana. Damiana extracts have been shown, in a test tube, to weakly bind to progesterone receptors.4 Thus, damiana may be a potentially useful herb for some female health problems. However, no human studies have investigated this possibility and it is not a primary traditional use.
How much is usually taken?
To make a tea, add 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water to 1/4 teaspoon (1 gram) of dried leaves and allow to steep for ten to fifteen minutes. People can drink three cups (750 ml) per day. To use in tincture form, take 1/2–3/4 teaspoon (2–3 ml) three times daily. Tablets or capsules (400–800 mg three times per day) may also be used. Damiana is commonly used in herbal combinations. However, the authors of the German Commission E monographs do not feel that traditional use of this herb is justified by modern research.5
Are there any side effects or interactions?
The leaves have a minor laxative effect and may cause loosening of the stools at higher amounts. Until more is known about damiana’s effects on the female hormonal system, it should be avoided during pregnancy.6
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with damiana.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

cranesbill

2009-06-01T23:53:00.000+05:30

Common name
Spotted Cranebill
Botanical name
Geranium maculatum
Parts used and where grown
Cranesbill originated in North America and is sometimes grown ornamentally in a variety of flower colors. The root is primarily used in herbal medicine, but the above-ground part of the plant has also been used traditionally by herbalists.
Cranesbill has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Canker sores
* - Crohn’s disease
* - Diarrhea
* - Menorrhagia
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
The Blackfoot Indians of North America used the root of cranesbill and closely related plants to stop bleeding.1 Cranesbill has also been used by other indigenous tribes of North America to treat diarrhea.
Active constituents
Cranesbill is high in tannins, which may account for its anti-diarrheal activity.2 Little scientific research exists to clarify cranesbill’s constituents and actions.
How much is usually taken?
A tea can be prepared by boiling 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 grams) of the root for ten to fifteen minutes in 2 cups (500 ml) of water.3 People can drink three (750 ml) or more cups per day. Cranesbill tincture (approximately 1/2 teaspoon or 3 ml) three times per day is also commonly used, although generally in combination with other herbs, for diarrhea. Dried, powdered cranesbill root is sometimes used in an herbal combination to treat Crohn’s disease; however, there are no scientific studies to support this combination.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Cranesbill tea should not be used for more than two to three consecutive weeks. Due to the high tannin content, some people may develop an upset stomach after using cranesbill.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with cranesbill.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

corydalis

2009-05-31T23:46:00.003+05:30

Common name
Yan Hu So
Botanical names
Corydalis turtschaninovii, Corydalis yanhusuo
Parts used and where grown
Corydalis is an herb native to the Chinese province of Zhejiang. The portion of the plant that is used medicinally is the tuberous rhizome.1
Corydalis has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Insomnia
** - Pain (nerve)
* - Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
* - Heart arrhythmia
* - Peptic ulcer
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
In Traditional Chinese Medicine, corydalis is said to invigorate the blood, move qi (energy that travels through the body), and alleviate pain, including menstrual, abdominal, and hernial.2
Active constituents
Scientists have isolated a number of alkaloids from the tuber of corydalis, including corydaline, tetrahydropalmatine (THP), dl-Tetrahydropalmatine (dl-THP), protopine, tetrahydrocoptisine, tetrahydrocolumbamine, and corybulbine.3 Of the full range of 20 alkaloids found in the plant, THP is considered to be the most potent. In laboratory research, it has been shown to exhibit a wide number of pharmacological actions on the central nervous system, including analgesic and sedative effects.4 dl-THP has been found to exhibit a tranquilizing action in mice. Scientists have suggested that dl-THP blocks certain receptor sites (e.g., dopamine) in the brain to cause sedation.5
In addition to its central nervous system effects, studies in the laboratory have shown the alkaloids from corydalis also have cardiovascular actions. For example, dl-THP has been shown to both decrease the stickiness of platelets and protect against stroke,6 as well as lower blood pressure and heart rate in animal studies.7 Additionally, it seems to exert an anti-arrhythmic action on the heart. This was found in a small double-blind clinical trial with patients suffering from a specific type of heart arrhythmia (e.g., supra-ventricular premature beat or SVPB).8 People taking 300–600 mg of dl-THP per day in tablet form, had a significantly greater improvement than those taking placebo pills.
Other human clinical trials on dl-THP have shown the ability to fall asleep was improved in people suffering from insomnia after taking 100–200 mg of dl-THP at bedtime. No drug hangover symptoms such as morning grogginess, dizziness or vertigo were reported by people taking the alkaloid extract.9
Reports from Chinese researchers also note that 75 mg of THP daily was effective in reducing nerve pain in 78% of the patients tested.10 Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea), abdominal pain after childbirth, and headache have also been reported to be successfully treated with THP.11
Extracts of the herb may also be useful in the treatment of stomach ulcers. In a large sample of patients with stomach and intestinal ulcers or chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, a 90–120 mg extract of the herb per day (equal to 5–10 grams of the crude herb) was found to improve healing and symptoms in 76% of the patients.12
How much is usually taken?
For an analgesic or sedative effect, the crude, dried rhizome is usually recommended at 5–10 grams per day.13 Alternatively, one can take 10–20 ml per day of a 1:2 extract.14
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Corydalis should not be taken by pregnant or nursing women.15 There have been several reports in Western journals of THP toxicity, including acute hepatitis.16 17 18 In addition, people taking corydalis can experience vertigo, fatigue, and nausea.19
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with corydalis.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

mallow

2009-05-30T23:38:00.002+05:30

Common names
High mallow, common mallow
Botanical name
Malva sylvestris
Parts used and where grown
Mallow originates from southern Europe and Asia but has spread all over the world as a common weed. Its cousin, the dwarf mallow (Malva neglecta), is another Eurasian plant that has spread far and wide. Other similar plants in the same family (Malvaceae) are hibiscus and marshmallow. The dried or fresh flowers and leaves of high mallow and dwarf mallow are used as food and medicine.
Mallow has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Cough (dry)
* - Dermatitis (atopic)
* - Sore throat
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Mallow has been used as food and medicine in Europe since the time of ancient Greece and Rome. Traditional herbal medicine continues to regard the plant as a useful anti-inflammatory agent for the respiratory tract, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract.1 The esteemed German physician and herbal authority, Rudolf Weiss, MD, recommended mallow primarily for irritations of the mouth and throat, as well as for dry, irritating coughs.2 He also mentions its use topically for mild cases of eczema.
Active constituents
Like its close relative marshmallow (Althea officinalis), mallow leaves and flowers contain high amounts of mucilage.3 Mucilage, made up of complex carbohydrates, gives mallow most of its soothing activity, though flavonoids and anthocyanidins may also contribute. In herbal medicine, mallow is classified as a demulcent—a soothing agent that counters irritation and mild inflammation. Both mallow leaf and flower preparations are approved by the German Commission E for relief of sore throats and dry coughs.4 Mallow is typically used as a tea or gargle for these indications.
In test tube studies, one carbohydrate in mallow has been shown to inhibit a component of the immune system known as the complement cascade.5 Excessive activation of the complement cascade has been implicated in chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders, suggesting that further research on mallow in these areas is warranted. A polysaccharide from the seeds of a related mallow (Malva verticillata) stimulated white blood cells known as macrophages in a test tube study.6 Crude powder of one mallow species showed anticancer effects in another test tube study.7
How much is usually taken?
Mallow leaf and flower preparations are most commonly consumed as teas.8 Boil 2 to 4 teaspoons of the dried leaves or flowers in 150 ml of boiling water for 10 to 15 minutes. One cup of the tea can be drunk three times per day. For topical use, a cloth can be dipped in the hot tea, allowed to cool, and then applied to inflamed skin. Alternatively, a cold infusion can be made, by soaking 6 teaspoons of the dry herb in a quart of cold water overnight, and then applied topically. According to some herbalists, the cold infusion likely extracts the plant’s mucilage (a soothing, gelatinous substance) most effectively and may work best for both internal and topical use.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There are no known adverse effects from mallow when used in the amounts suggested above.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with mallow.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

coltsfoot

2009-05-29T23:25:00.003+05:30

Botanical name
Tussilago farfara
Parts used and where grown
The flowers, leaves, and roots of coltsfoot have been used as herbal medicines. However, the roots are generally avoided now. Coltsfoot originates in Eurasia and North Africa, and now also grows throughout damp areas of North America.
Coltsfoot has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Cough
* - Sore throat
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Coltsfoot historically has been used by herbalists to alleviate coughs due to all manner of conditions. It was considered particularly useful for people with chronic coughs, such as those due to emphysema or silicosis.1 Coltsfoot leaf was originally approved for the treatment of sore throats in the German Commission E monograph2 but has since been banned in Germany for internal use.3
Active constituents
Mucilage, bitter glycosides, and tannins are considered the major constituents of coltsfoot.4 These are thought to give the herb anti-inflammatory and antitussive (cough prevention and treatment) activity.5 Coltsfoot also contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids, potentially toxic constituents.
How much is usually taken?
Internal use of coltsfoot root is not recommended due to the potential liver toxicity of its pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Tea of coltsfoot leaf or flower is made by steeping 1–2 teaspoons (5–10 grams) in 1 cup (250 ml) hot water for ten to twenty minutes.6 People can drink three cups (750 ml) daily. Alternatively, 1/2–1 teaspoon (2–4 ml) of tincture of the leaf or flower can be taken three times per day. Some practitioners of herbal medicine have recommended having hot coltsfoot tea ready in a thermos to drink for morning coughs due to emphysema.7 People should not use coltsfoot for more than one month consecutively unless on the advice of a doctor. Also, preparations guaranteed to be pyrrolizidine-free can be used indefinitely and are preferable.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Coltsfoot contains potentially liver-damaging pyrrolizidine alkaloids, with much higher levels appearing in the root than in the leaves or the flowers. Animal studies using amounts of coltsfoot hundreds of times higher than those used as medicine have shown these alkaloids can cause cancer in animals.8 A single case of an infant who developed liver disease and died after the mother drank tea containing coltsfoot during pregnancy has been reported.9 This eventually led to the banning of coltsfoot in Germany in 1992.
Coltsfoot should not be taken during pregnancy or breast-feeding.10 Otherwise, coltsfoot is generally safe.11
Coltsfoot should be differentiated from the plant called western coltsfoot (Petastites frigidus), because western coltsfoot can contain higher amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Use of western coltsfoot is not recommended.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with coltsfoot.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

coleus

2009-05-28T23:11:00.002+05:30

Common name
Makandi
Botanical name
Coleus forskohlii
Parts used and where grown
This attractive, perennial member of the mint (Lamiaceae) family originated in the lower elevations of India. It is now grown around the world as an ornamental plant. The root is used medicinally.
Coleus has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Asthma (forskolin)
** - Glaucoma (forskolin)
* - Cardiomyopathy (forskolin)
* - Congestive heart failure
* - Hypertension (forskolin)
* - Obesity
* - Psoriasis
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
As recorded in ancient Sanskrit texts, coleus was used in Ayurvedic medicine1 to treat heart and lung diseases, intestinal spasms, insomnia, and convulsions.
Active constituents
Forskolin, a chemical found in coleus, activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase.2 This enzyme is a turnkey compound that initiates a cascade of critical events within every cell of the body. Adenylate cyclase and the chemicals it activates comprise a “second messenger” system that is responsible for carrying out the complex and powerful effects of hormones in the body. Stimulation of the second messenger system by forskolin leads to blood vessel dilation,3 inhibition of allergic reactions,4 and an increase in thyroid hormone secretion.5 Forskolin has other properties as well, including inhibition of the pro-inflammatory substance known as platelet-activating factor (PAF)6 and inhibition of the spread of cancer cells.7
Studies in healthy humans, including at least one double-blind trial, have shown that direct application of an ophthalmic preparation of forskolin to the eyes lowers eye pressure,8 9 thus reducing the risk of glaucoma. Direct application of the whole herb to the eyes has not been studied and is not recommended.
Forskolin may help dilate blood vessels and improve the forcefulness with which the heart pumps blood. A preliminary trial found that forskolin reduced blood pressure and improved heart function in people with cardiomyopathy.10 It is unknown if oral coleus extracts would have the same effect. A small double-blind trial found that inhaled forskolin could decrease lung spasms in asthmatics.11 It is unclear if oral ingestion of coleus extracts will provide similar benefits.
How much is usually taken?
Coleus extracts standardized to 10 to 18% forskolin are available. While some doctors expert in herbal medicine recommend 50–100 mg two to three times per day of standardized coleus extract, these amounts are extrapolations and have yet to be confirmed by direct clinical research.12 Most studies have used injected forskolin, so it is unclear if oral ingestion of coleus extracts will provide similar benefits in the amounts recommended above. Until ophthalmic preparations of coleus or forskolin are available, people with glaucoma should consult with a skilled healthcare practitioner to obtain a sterile fluid extract for use in the eyes.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Few adverse effects of coleus have been reported. It should be avoided in people with ulcers, because it may increase stomach acid levels. Direct application to the eyes may cause transitory tearing, burning, and itching. The safety of coleus in pregnancy and breast-feeding is unknown.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with coleus: Some interactions may increase the need for coleus (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate coleus should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Advair Diskus (+)
Albuterol (+)
Aspirin (-)
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine (+)
Epinephrine (+)
Salmeterol (+)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

coconut oil

2009-05-27T23:01:00.002+05:30

Also indexed as
Palm Kernel Oil, Palm Oil, Tropical Oils
Introduction
Coconut oil is a member of the family of tropical oils, which also include palm, palm kernel, cocoa, and shea nut oils. These oils have been used for centuries in the traditional diets of people living in tropical regions such as the Polynesian islands. Because these populations experience less of the diseases, such as heart disease, that are common in Western countries, some people believe that tropical oils such as coconut oil, especially in their natural state, can be part of a healthful diet.1 2 Currently, these oils are used in Western countries in small amounts, primarily in the production of processed foods.
Where is it found?
Coconut oil may be found in many types of processed foods, including fried foods, crackers, desserts, candies, whipped topping, and non-dairy creamers. It is also available in some grocery stores for use in cooking.
Coconut oil has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Head lice (in combination with anise and ylang ylang oils)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?
There is no human requirement for coconut oil or the shorter-length fatty acids it contains, so no deficiency is possible.
How much is usually taken?
The traditional diets of Pacific Islanders contains several grams per day or more of lauric acid from coconut products, which would require at least one tablespoon per day of coconut oil. Research has not established a recommended intake for coconut oil.
Coconut oil can also be used topically, as in the treatment of head lice.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Serious allergic reactions to coconut or coconut oil have been reported but are considered rare.3 4 5
People using large amounts of coconut oil in their diet should have their blood cholesterol levels checked regularly.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with coconut oil.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

chaparral

2009-05-26T22:35:00.001+05:30

Common names
Creosote bush, Greasewood
Botanical name
Larrea tridentata
Parts used and where grown
Chaparral takes its name from the area in which it grows, the desert regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico known as the chaparral ecosystem. The leaves and stems of this ancient plant are used as medicine.
Chaparral has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Cold sores
* - Indigestion and heartburn
* - Infection
* - Intestinal cramps (topical)
* - Parasites
* - Rheumatoid arthritis (topical)
* - Wound healing (topical)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.
** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.
* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Chaparral has been used for thousands of years by Native Americans for a variety of purposes. It has been employed primarily in tea form to help with cramping pains, joint pains, and allergic problems, as well as to eliminate parasites.1 2 Externally it has been applied to reduce inflammation and pain, and to promote healing of minor wounds.3
Active constituents
The major lignan in chaparral, known as nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a potent antioxidant and was thought by some scientists to be a potential cancer treatment. In a rat study, NDGA and a leaf extract of a South American subspecies of chaparral were found to exert an antitumor effect.4 However, one report suggests that NDGA may stimulate further growth of tumors in cancer patients.5 Clinical trials, therefore, are still needed to establish whether chaparral is a safe and effective treatment for people with cancer.
Other reported effects for chaparral include anti-inflammatory properties6 7 as well as antimicrobial actions in test tubes.8 These actions have note been established in human clinical trials
How much is usually taken?
A tea can be prepared by steeping 1 teaspoon (approximately 5 grams) of leaves and flowers in 1 cup (250 ml) of hot water for ten to fifteen minutes.9 People should drink three cups per day for a maximum of two weeks unless under the care of a physician expert in the use of botanical medicines. Alternatively, 0.5–1 ml of tincture can be taken three times per day.10 Topically, cloths can be soaked in oil preparations or tea of chaparral and applied several times per day (with heat if helpful) over the affected area. Capsules of chaparral should be avoided.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There have been sporadic reports of people developing liver or kidney problems after taking chaparral, particularly in capsules.11 Almost all of these cases involved either the use of capsules or excessive amounts of tea. Some of these cases were people with established liver disease prior to using the herb. Tea and tincture of chaparral have an extremely strong taste considered disagreeable by most people, which restricts the amount they can tolerate before feeling nauseous. Capsules bypass this protective mechanism and should therefore be avoided. Since human studies have shown that large amounts of chaparral tea and injections of NDGA in people with cancer do not cause liver or kidney problems,12 it is likely the cases of toxicity represented individual reactions.13
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with chaparral.

Source: http://www.cncahealth.com/

caraway

2009-05-25T10:10:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Carum carvi
Parts used and where grown
Caraway is a biennial that is widely cultivated throughout the world, and is native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The dried ripe fruit or seeds are used medicinally.1
Caraway has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Irritable bowel syndrome (combination with peppermint oil)
** - Gingivitis (periodontal disease) (as mouthwash, in combination with sage, peppermint oil, menthol, chamomile tincture, expressed juice from echinacea, myrrh tincture, and clove oil)
** - Indigestion
* - Colic
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
The use of caraway as a medicinal agent has remained unchanged for centuries. Its use as a digestive aid was first mentioned in the Egyptian Eberus Papyrus about 1500 B.C.2 In Shakespeare’s Henry IV, the character Falstaff is invited to have a serving of baked apples and caraway to aid the digestion and relieve gas.3 Nineteenth-century American Eclectic physicians (doctors who recommended herbs), such as Harvey Felter, pointed out the seeds not only promote digestion but also ease the symptoms of children suffering from digestive colic.4
Active constituents
Caraway contains 3–7% volatile oil, with the main components divided into carvone (50–60%) and limonene (40%).5 The fruit also contains approximately 10% fixed oil along with 20% carbohydrate and 20% protein. Caraway belongs to a class of herbs called carminatives, which are plants helpful in easing gastrointestinal discomfort, including gas. The volatile oils derived from this group of plants may help alleviate bowel spasm.6
There are no human clinical trials on caraway as a single entity. However, it has been used with success in combination with enteric-coated peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).7 8 People using this combination reported experiencing less pain and noted an overall improvement in their bowel symptoms compared to those who took a comparable placebo. A combination of caraway with the other carminative herbs anise and fennel has shown to be helpful in dealing with conditions of flatulence and mild abdominal cramping, especially in children.9
How much is usually taken?
Use approximately 1/4–1/2 teaspoon (0.5–2 grams) of powdered caraway fruit to make tea; drink it three times a day. Tinctures of the extracted herb (0.5–4 ml) are sometimes used three times per day. The enteric-coated volatile oil (0.05–0.2 ml) can be taken three times daily (usually in combination with enteric-coated peppermint oil) for irritable bowel syndrome.10
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Caraway is generally safe for internal use. However, the purified volatile oil should not be used by children under two years of age, as oil from caraway and other herbs in the Umbelliferae family can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.11 Large amounts of the oil (several times higher than the dosages listed above) may be potentially abortifacient and neurotoxic and should be avoided, especially by pregnant women.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with caraway.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

cordyceps

2009-05-24T10:10:00.000+05:30

Common name

Caterpillar fungus, Deer fungus parasite, Chongcao
Botanical names

Cordyceps spp.
Parts used and where grown
Cordyceps sinensis in its sexual stage is the primary form used.1 However, more than ten related species (in sexual and asexual stages) as well as artificially cultured mycelium are today used as substitutes in commercial preparations. C. sinensis, C. ophioglossoides, C. capita, and C. militaris are the most common species in commerce.
Cordyceps has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Chronic hepatitis B
** - Kidney disease
* - Immune function
* - Liver disease
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
In ancient China, cordyceps was used in the Emperor’s palace and was considered to have ginseng-like properties.2 It was used to strengthen the body after exhaustion or long-term illness, and for impotence, neurasthenia, and backache. It was also used to cure opium addiction.
Active constituents
Cordyceps contains a wide variety of potentially important constituents, including polysaccharides, ophiocordin (an antibiotic compound), cordycepin, cordypyridones, nucleosides, bioxanthracenes, sterols, alkenoic acids, and exo-polymers.3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Many studies on the medicinal effects of cordyceps do not give a clear picture of its actions because many of the studies (1) are in animals or test tubes; (2) use different species, preparations, and intake levels; (3) inject cordyceps and/or its constituents rather than administering them orally; or (4) are not available in English and, therefore, cannot be reviewed for accuracy and design.
There are some clinical trials supporting the efficacy of cordyceps, particularly for liver, kidney, and immune problems. A number of studies indicate that cordyceps may have a anti-cancer, anti-metastatic, immuno-enhancing, and antioxidant effects.10 11 12 13 14
How much is usually taken?
The recommended intake of cordyceps is 3 to 9 grams taken twice daily as a liquid extract, as food, or as powdered extract.15
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There are insufficient studies on the safety of cordyceps. However, it has a long history of use as a food and is generally considered safe.16 There is no information available about safety in pregnancy, lactation, or use in children.
There are two reported cases of lead poisoning associated with the use of apparently contaminated cordyceps powder.17 Cordyceps should only be purchased from companies that test to exclude heavy metal contamination.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with cordyceps.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

blue-green algae for weight control

2009-05-23T10:10:00.000+05:30

Also known as

Spirulina
What is it?
Blue-green algae, of which spirulina is a well-known example, is a group of 1,500 species of microscopic aquatic plants. The two most common species used for human consumption are Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis. Spirulina is particularly rich in protein and also contains carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids.1
Where is it found?
Blue-green algae grow in some lakes, particularly those rich in salts, in Central and South America, and Africa. They are also grown in outdoor tanks specifically to be harvested for nutritional supplements.
Why do dieters use it?*
Some dieters say that blue-green algae:
- helps satisfy appetite.
- supplies good nutrition while dieting.
What do the advocates say?*
Blue-green algae (spirulina) is a concentrated source of nutrients compared to most foods, but it is expensive compared to other supplemental sources of protein, vitamins, and minerals. Research is limited, but nonetheless has found little benefit of spirulina to dieters.
How much is usually taken by dieters?
Blue-green algae is a rich source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. In one double-blind trial, overweight people who took 2.8 grams of blue-green algae as spirulina three times per day for four weeks experienced only small and statistically nonsignificant weight loss.2 Thus, although spirulina has been promoted as a weight-loss aid, the current scientific evidence supporting its use for this purpose is weak.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Few side effects have been reported from the ingestion of blue-green algae. However, as blue-green algae can accumulate heavy metals from contaminated water, consuming blue-green algae could increase the body’s load of lead, mercury, and cadmium,3 though noncontaminated blue-green algae have been identified.4 Another popular species of blue-green algae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, has been found to produce toxins.5 A few reports also describe allergic reactions to blue-green algae. Animal studies have found spirulina to be safe during pregnancy.6 7 8
There is one case report of a man who developed liver damage while taking spirulina.9 As he was also talking three prescription medications, it is not clear whether the spirulina caused or contributed to the liver injury.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with blue-green algae.

Source: www.cncahealth.com

centaury

2009-05-22T14:02:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Centaurium minus
Parts used and where grown
This small grassland plant is native to Eurasia. The leaves, stems, and flowers of centaury are used medicinally.
Centaury has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Hypochlorhydria (low stomach acid)
* - Indigestion
* - Loss of appetite
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Centaury is one of the mainstays of European folk herbalism as a tonic for the digestive tract.1 It was also used as a general tonic for people who had fevers.
Active constituents
Centaury contains bitter glycosides that stimulate secretion of stomach acid and digestive enzymes as well as activity of the entire digestive tract.2 Centaury is recommended by the German Commission E for people with poor appetite and indigestion.3 One preliminary animal study showed the herb had anti-inflammatory and fever-lowering effects.4
How much is usually taken?
Centaury is generally taken prior to a meal. A tea is made by adding 1 to 2 teaspoons of the herb to one cup of hot water and allowing it to steep for 15 minutes.5 The tea should be sipped slowly. The bitter taste can be covered up by adding ginger tea. Alternately, capsules can be used in the amount of 1 to 2 grams three times per day before a meal.6
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Centaury could theoretically worsen the conditions of peptic ulcer disease, elevated stomach acid levels, heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease, diarrhea, or acute inflammation of the intestinal tract, such as Crohn’s disease, and should be avoided in such cases. Centaury is otherwise safe.7 The safety of centaury in pregnancy and breast-feeding is unknown.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with centaury.

Source: http://www.cncahealth.com/

acai

2009-05-21T20:27:00.002+05:30

Common name

Açaí, açaí-do-para, açaí-do-baixo Amazonas, açaizeiro, assaí, palmito açaí, piriá
Botanical names

Euterpe oleracea Mart.
Parts used and where grown
Clusters of round, dark purple-to-black, berry-shaped açaí fruits are harvested to make juice, ice pops, and herbal supplements. Ethnobotanists have also documented folk medicine uses for the seed oil, fruit rind, and roots. The inner core of the thin trunk of the açaí tree is well-known as the source of hearts of palm. Açaí is primarily grown in the Pará region of the Amazon estuary, in the northern region of Brazil. It also grows in French Guyana, Panama, Ecuador, and Trinidad.
Acai has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):

Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Anemia
* - Diabetes, Type 1
* - Diabetes, Type 2
* - Dysmenorrhea
* - Fever (roasted, crushed seeds)
* - Hepatitis (root)
* - Jaundice (root)
* - Leukemia
* - Malaria (root)
* - Scrofula (seed oil)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Açaí juice is a major dietary component of Brazilian diets, especially in the Pará region. It is often eaten at breakfast with cassava meal (manioc) or with tapioca and sugar. The açaí fruit is rich in nutrients and is found in many Brazilian prepared foods. The fruit is most popularly used to make juice, but is also found in ice cream, popsicles, and various desserts.
Açaí seeds can be crushed to produce a green oil that has been used as a folk remedy for scrofula (a type of tuberculosis). The roasted, crushed seeds, consumed as tea, are a traditional remedy for fever. Tea made from the root is a folk remedy for jaundice and anemia. Tea made from the grated fruit rind has been used topically as a wash for skin ulcers. Boiled preparations of açaí root have been used traditionally to treat many diseases, including diabetes, hepatitis, malaria, kidney disease, and dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain).
No clinical trials of açaí for the prevention or treatment of any health condition have been published in the medical literature.
Active constituents
Açaí is one of nature’s richest sources of anthocyanins—a type of bioflavonoid. Anthocyanins make up the purple, red, and blue-black pigments found within certain berries, fruits, plants, and flowers. The fruit of açaí also contains protein, fiber, enzymes, vitamin E, amino acids, minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, manganese, zinc, and boron), phytosterols, and beneficial fatty acids.
How much is usually taken?
Frozen pulp: approximately 100 grams (3.5 ounces) per day is recommended, although there is no accepted standard. Brazilians commonly drink up to a liter (34 ounces) of açaí juice per day.
Powder: 1 ounce of powder mixed with 10 to 12 ounces of water, once or twice a day.
Freeze-dried açaí in capsules or tablets is sometimes recommended at 1 to 2 grams per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
No side effects or interactions have been reported.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with acai.

Source: www.cncahealth.com

butterbur

2008-06-03T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common name

Butterbur, purple butterbur, Western coltsfoot, butter dock, Arctic butterbur, bog rhubarb, pestilence wort
Botanical names

Petasites hybridus, Petasites frigidus
Parts used and where grown
Butterbur, or Petasites hydridus, is found in colder, northern regions of Russia and Europe. A species native to the northern United States and much of Canada is Petasites frigidus. All parts of either plant can be used, including root, rhizome, leaves, and flowers. Both species are easily confused with their close cousin, Eastern coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), a plant that looks the same and has similar properties and hazards.
Butterbur has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Hay fever
*** - Migraine headache
** - Asthma
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Traditionally the entire plant was used as a demulcent to soothe a dry, spasmodic cough.1 It was primarily made into a tea, and used only for short periods of time. Using the herb as a tea may have helped reduce the liver’s exposure to butterbur's toxic compounds, as they are not normally water soluble.
Active constituents
Butterbur contains petasins, a group of bitter-tasting compounds in a class of chemicals called sesquiterpenoids. Petasine is a specific petasin considered important in butterbur. Petasins relax blood vessels and various smooth muscles in the body, such as those that are found in the uterus and lungs, according to test tube and animal studies.2 Petasins are also known to reduce inflammation, as demonstrated in human studies.3 Because of these properties, butterbur might be expected to be beneficial for people with migraines and asthma. Butterbur extracts have consistently been shown to reduce symptoms in people with migraines more effectively than placebo. Butterbur has also been shown to help people with asthma, although the results have been conflicting.4 5 6 Some studies have also shown that butterbur extract works just as well as a common antihistamine drug for people with hay fever, but without causing drowsiness.
Butterbur also contains unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids. These can cause severe liver damage in some people if taken for too long. Only extracts that exclude pyrrolizidine alkaloids should be used.
How much is usually taken?
The most commonly available product is an extract of the rhizome of Petasites hybridus standardized to contain 7.5 mg of petasine per capsule. This type of extract removes the pyrrolizidine alkaloids to avoid causing liver damage. Intake is usually 1 to 2 capsules three times per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There are no known side effects as long as pyrrolizidine alkaloids are not present. When they are present, they can cause serious liver damage and even liver failure or death. Therefore, pyrrolizidine alkaloid–containing extracts should not be used.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with butterbur.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

butcher's broom

2008-06-02T22:25:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Ruscus aculeatus
Parts used and where grown
Butcher’s broom is a spiny, small-leafed evergreen bush native to the Mediterranean region and northwest Europe. It is a member of the lily family and is similar, in many ways, to asparagus. The roots and young stems of butcher’s broom are used medicinally.
Butcher’s broom has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Chronic venous insufficiency
* - Atherosclerosis
* - Varicose veins
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Butcher’s broom is so named because the mature branches were bundled and used as brooms by butchers. The young shoots were sometimes eaten as food. Ancient physicians used the roots as a diuretic in the treatment of urinary problems.1
Active constituents
Steroidal saponins are thought to be responsible for the medicinal actions of butcher’s broom.2 These constituents are reported to improve the strength and tone of the veins and act as mild diuretics. They may also lead to constriction of the veins, which helps blood return from the extremities.3 4 Butcher’s broom extracts also exert a mild anti-inflammatory effect.
Clinical trials, one double-blind, have confirmed the benefit of a combination of vitamin C, flavonoids, and butcher’s broom for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).5 6 In a comparison study, a product combining butcher’s broom extract, the flavonoid hesperidin, and vitamin C was more effective than a synthetic flavonoid product for treating CVI.7 A double-blind study, in which Butcher’s broom alone was used, has confirmed the beneficial effect of this herb in the treatment of CVI.8
How much is usually taken?
Encapsulated butcher’s broom extracts, in the amount of 1,000 mg three times per day, can be used for chronic venous insufficiency. These extracts are often combined with vitamin C and/or flavonoids. Standardized extracts (9–11% ruscogenins) can be taken in the amount of 100 mg three times per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Side effects are rarely seen if butcher’s broom is used as directed above. However, in certain cases, butcher’s broom can cause nausea.9
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with butcher’s broom.

Source: www.cncahealth.com

burdock

2008-06-01T22:25:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Arctium lappa
Parts used and where grown
Burdock is native to Asia and Europe. The root is the primary source of many herbal preparations. The root becomes very soft with chewing and tastes sweet, with a mucilaginous (sticky) texture.
Burdock has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Acne Rosacea
* - Acne Vulgaris
* - Menopause
* - Psoriasis
* - Rheumatoid arthritis
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
In traditional herbal texts, burdock root is described as a “blood purifier” or “alterative”1 and was believed to clear the bloodstream of toxins. It was used both internally and externally for eczema and psoriasis, as well as to treat painful joints and as a diuretic. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, burdock root in combination with other herbs is used to treat sore throats, tonsillitis, colds, and even measles.2 In Japan, it is eaten as a vegetable.
Burdock root has recently become popular as part of a tea to treat cancer. To date, however, research is insufficient to promote burdock for this application.3
Active constituents
Burdock root contains high amounts of inulin and mucilage. This may explain its soothing effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Bitter constituents in the root may also explain the traditional use of burdock to improve digestion. Additionally, burdock has been shown to reduce liver damage in animal studies.4 This has not been confirmed in human studies, however. It also contains polyacetylenes that have demonstrated anti-microbial activity.5 Even though test tube and animal studies have indicated some anti-tumor activity in burdock root, these results have not been duplicated in human studies.6 Several animal and test tubes studies have also suggested an anti-inflammatory effect of unknown compounds in burdock root or seeds, including an ability to inhibit the potent inflammation-causing chemical platelet activating factor.7 8
How much is usually taken?
Traditional herbalists recommend 2–4 ml of burdock root tincture per day.9 For the dried root preparation in capsule form, some herbalists recommend 1–2 grams three times per day. Many herbal preparations combine burdock root with other alterative “blood cleansing” herbs, such as yellow dock, red clover, or cleavers.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Burdock root contains approximately 50% inulin,10 a fiber widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and plants. Inulin is classified as a food ingredient (not as an additive) and is considered to be safe to eat.11 In fact, inulin is a significant part of the daily diet of most of the world’s population.12 However, there is a report of a 39-year-old man having a life-threatening allergic reaction after consuming high amounts of inulin from multiple sources.13 Allergy to inulin in this individual was confirmed by laboratory tests. Such sensitivities are exceedingly rare. Moreover, this man did not take burdock. Nevertheless, people with a confirmed sensitivity to inulin should avoid burdock. There is one published case report of a severe allergic reaction, apparently due to burdock itself.14
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with burdock.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

bupleurum

2008-05-31T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common names

Thorowax, Saiko, Hare’s ear, Chai hu
Botanical names

Bupleurum chinense, Bupleurum falcatum
Parts used and where grown
These Asian plants are part of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, and resemble dill or fennel. However, bupleurum has long thin leaves rather than the lacy appearance of fennel and dill leaves. The Chinese name for bupleurum, chai hu, means “kindling of the barbarians.” The origin of this name is unclear. The roots of the plant are used in herbal medicine.
Bupleurum has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Epilepsy
** - Hepatitis (viral)
** - Irritable bowel syndrome (Chinese herbal combination formula containing wormwood, ginger, bupleurum, schisandra, dan shen, and other extracts)
** - Liver cirrhosis
* - HIV/AIDS
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Bupleurum has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years to help relieve numerous conditions. Most particularly, infections with fever, liver problems, indigestion, hemorrhoids, and uterine prolapse.1
Bupleurum is a key ingredient in the formula known as sho-saiko-to. This is a Japanese kampo or traditional herbal medicine formula based on the traditional Chinese formula xiao-chai-hu-tang. In English, it has been called minor bupleurum formula. Bupleurum makes up 16% of the formula for sho-saiko-to (see below for the complete contents of the formula). Results reported for sho-saiko-to cannot be attributed solely to bupleurum because the other herbs in the formula also contribute.2
Sho-saiko-to (xao-chai-hu-tang or minor bupleurum formula) contains the following:
Bupleurum falcatum (thorowax) root, 16%
Paeonia lactiflora (peony) root, 16%
Pinellia ternata (ban xia) rhizome, 14%
Cinnamomum cassia (cassia) bark, 11%
Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizome, 11%
Zizyphus jujuba (jujube) fruit, 11%
Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) root, 8%
Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese scullcap) root, 8%
Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice, gan cao) rhizome, 5%
Active constituents
Bupleurum contains constituents known as saikosaponins that appear to account for much of the medicinal activity of the plant. Test tube studies have shown that the sho-saiko-to combination can increase production of various chemicals (known as cytokines) that immune cells use to signal one another.3 Test tube studies have also found that saikosaponins can inhibit growth of liver cancer cells,4 and are anti-inflammatory.5 6
Human trials, only one double-blind, have shown that the bupleurum-containing formula sho-saiko-to may help reduce symptoms and blood liver enzyme levels in children and adults with chronic active viral hepatitis.7 8 9 10 Most of these studies were in people with hepatitis B infection, though one preliminary human trial has also shown a benefit in people with hepatitis C.11 Sho-saiko-to was also found, in a large, preliminary (but not double-blind), study to decrease the risk of people with chronic viral hepatitis developing liver cancer.12
Sho-saiko-to has also been used to reduce symptoms of and possibly decrease the severity of liver cirrhosis, though clinical studies on this condition are generally lacking. One randomized trial (it was unclear if this trial was double-blind) found that sho-saiko-to could reduce the rate of liver cancer in people with liver cirrhosis.13
Several uncontrolled trials in Japan have shown that sho-saiko-to or very similar traditional Japanese and Chinese herbal formulas (all containing bupleurum) can reduce seizure frequency and/or severity in people with epilepsy that does not respond to anti-seizure medications.14 15 16 17 However, double-blind trials are still needed to determine the importance of these findings.
Sho-saiko-to has been found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the test tube.18 Yet, it is unclear to what degree bupleurum or saikosaponins contributed to this effect. Sho-saiko-to also increased the efficacy of the standard anti-HIV drug lamivudine in the test tube.19 Human data are lacking on the benefit of sho-saiko-to or bupleurum in people with HIV infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
How much is usually taken?
Generally 500–2,000 mg bupleurum dry root are taken three times daily in capsules.20 Traditionally, and in some clinical studies, bupleurum was prepared as a tea in which the root is decocted or cooked for hours before use. Some people take 1–4 grams per cup of water, three times daily. Sho-saiko-to formula is typically given in capsules (1.8–2.5 grams) three times per day. The amount given to children should be proportionally reduced based on individual weight and height as compared to adults.21
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Bupleurum and sho-saiko-to taken as a tea can upset the stomach, an effect that tends to be lessened by taking them with food or in capsules. Bupleurum and sho-saiko-to are not recommended during pregnancy and breast-feeding.
Sho-saiko-to has been used alone and with interferon to treat hepatitis. Eighty or more cases of drug-induced pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) have been associated with the use of sho-saiko-to alone or with interferon.22 23 24 25 26 Until more is known, sho-saiko-to should not be combined with interferon.
Are there any drug interactions?

Certain medicines may interact with bupleurum. Refer to drug interactions for a list of those medicines.

Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with bupleurum: Some interactions may increase the need for bupleurum (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate bupleurum should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Interferon (-)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

bugleweed

2008-05-30T22:25:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Lycopus virginicus
Parts used and where grown
The leaves and flowers of this plant from the mint family are used medicinally. Both bugleweed and its European cousin, gypsywort (Lycopus europaeus), grow in very wet areas.
Bugleweed has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Breast pain
* - Hyperthyroidism
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
The modern applications of bugleweed, unlike many medicinal plants, do not match its traditional use. Historically, bugleweed and related species were used to treat coughs and as a sedative.1 Today, the main use of this herb is for treating mild hyperthyroidism.
Active constituents
Lithospermic acid and other organic acids are believed to be responsible for bugleweed’s activity. These acids decrease levels of several hormones in the body, particularly thyroid-stimulating hormones2 and the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4).3 Bugleweed inhibits the binding of antibodies to the thyroid gland.4 These antibodies can cause the most common form of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease. All these actions may help explain bugleweed’s benefit in people with mildly overactive thyroids.
How much is usually taken?
The German Commission E monograph recommends 1–2 grams of the whole herb per day.5 Intake of tincture should be limited to 1–2 ml three times a day. Bugleweed is often combined with other herbs used to treat mildly overactive thyroid function, including lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and gromwell (Lithospermum ruderale).
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Excessive intake of bugleweed by people with thyroid disease or use by healthy people may cause a potentially harmful decrease in thyroid function. Thyroid disease is dangerous and should only be treated under the supervision of a healthcare professional. However, long-term use of bugleweed is considered safe for people with hyperthyroidism.6 Bugleweed should not be taken by people with hypothyroidism. Bugleweed should also not be used during pregnancy and breast-feeding.7
Are there any drug interactions?

Certain medicines may interact with bugleweed. Refer to drug interactions for a list of those medicines.

Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with bugleweed: Some interactions may increase the need for bugleweed (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate bugleweed should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Thyroid Hormones (-)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

buchu

2008-05-29T22:25:00.000+05:30

Botanical names

Barosma betulina, Agathosma betulina, Agathosma crenultata
Parts used and where grown
Buchu is a low shrub native to the Cape region of South Africa. The dried leaves are harvested during the flowering season. The oil can be obtained by steam distillation of the leaves. The two primary species of buchu used commercially are Agathosma betulina (syn. Barosma betulina) and Agathosma crenulata (syn. Barosma crenultata).
Buchu has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Urinary tract infections and inflammation
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

Certain medicines may interact with buchu. Refer to drug interactions for a list of those medicines.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with buchu: Some interactions may increase the need for buchu (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate buchu should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Loop Diuretics (-)
Spironolactone (-)
Thiazide Diuretics (-)
Triamterene (-)

Source: www.cncahealth.com

plantain

2008-05-28T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common names

Broadleaf plantain, Lanceleaf plantain, Ribwort
Botanical names

Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major
Parts used and where grown
These green, weedy plants are native to Europe and Asia, but now grow practically anywhere in the world where there is sufficient water. Plantain should not be confused with the banana-like vegetable of the same name. The leaves of plantain are primarily used as medicine. The seeds of plantain can also be used medicinally, having mild laxative effects similar to the seeds of psyllium, a close relative of plantain.
Plantain has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):

Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Chronic bronchitis
** - Poison ivy and poison oak dermatitis
* - Burns (topical)
* - Cough
* - Dermatitis (topical)
* - Insect bites or stings (topical)
* - Peptic ulcer
* - Urinary tract infections
* - Wounds (topical)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Plantain has long been considered by herbalists to be a useful remedy for cough, wounds, inflamed skin or dermatitis, and insect bites.1 Bruised or crushed leaves have been applied topically to treat insect bites and stings, eczema, and small wounds or cuts. It was considered by herbalists to be a gentle, soothing expectorant, and additionally to have a mild astringent effect said to help remedy hemorrhoids or bladder infections with mild amounts of blood in the urine.2
Active constituents
The major constituents in plantain are mucilage, iridoid glycosides (particularly aucubin), and tannins. Together these constituents are thought to give plantain mild anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihemorrhagic, and expectorant actions.3 4 Plantain is approved by the German Commission E for internal use to ease coughs and mucous membrane irritation associated with upper respiratory tract infections as well as topical use for skin inflammations.5 Two Bulgarian clinical trials have suggested that plantain may be effective in the treatment of chronic bronchitis.6 7 Insufficient details were provided in these reports to determine the quality of the trials or their findings. Although plantain was thought to possess diuretic properties, one double-blind trial failed to show any diuretic effect for this plant.8 A preliminary trial found that topical use of a plantain ointment (10% ground plantain in a base of petroleum jelly) was helpful as part of the treatment of people with impetigo and ecthyma, two inflammatory skin disorders.9 Insufficient details were provided in this report, however, to determine the quality of the study or its findings.
How much is usually taken?
The German Commission E recommends using 1/4–1/2 teaspoon (1–3 grams) of the leaf daily in the form of tea made by steeping the herb in 1 cup (250 ml) of hot water for 10–15 minutes (making three cups (750 ml ) per day).10 The fresh leaves can be applied directly three or four times per day to minor injuries, dermatitis, and insect stings.11 Syrups or tinctures, approximately 1/2 teaspoon (2–3 ml) three times per day, can also be used, particularly to treat a cough.12 Finally, 1/2–1 1/4 teaspoons (2–6 grams) of the fresh plant can be juiced and taken in three evenly divided oral administrations throughout the day.13
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Plantain is not associated with any common side effects and is thought to be safe for children.14 There is no information available about its use by pregnant or nursing women, though topical application appears to be safe. Adulteration of plantain with digitalis leading to dangerous side effects has been reported in Switzerland and the United States.15 Although rare, it points to the need for consumers to purchase herbs from companies that carefully test their herbal products for adulteration.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with plantain.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

comfrey

2008-05-27T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common names

Knitbone, Boneset
Botanical name

Symphytum officinale
Parts used and where grown
The leaf and root of comfrey have been employed medicinally for centuries. Originally from Europe and western Asia, it is now also grown in North America.
Comfrey has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Sprains (topical)
* - Broken bones (topical)
* - Bruises (topical)
* - Chronic skin ulcer (topical)
* - Conjunctivitis/blepharitis (topical eye application)
* - Cough
* - Peptic ulcer
* - Thrombophlebitis (topical)
* - Wound healing (topical)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Comfrey has a long history of use as a topical agent for treating wounds, skin ulcers, thrombophlebitis, bruises, and sprains and strains.1 2 Comfrey was used by herbalists to promote more rapid repair of broken bones, hence the common names boneset and knitbone. Topically, comfrey was also used to treat minor skin irritations and inflammation. It has also been used as a wash or topical application for eye irritations and for treating conjunctivitis. Internally, it was used to treat gastrointestinal problems, such as stomach ulcers, and lung problems.
Active constituents

Mucilage and allantoin are considered the major constituents in comfrey responsible for the herbs soothing and anti-inflammatory actions.3
How much is usually taken?
Fresh, peeled root or dried root, approximately 3.5 ounces (100 grams), is simmered in 1 pint (500 ml) of water for ten to fifteen minutes to prepare comfrey for topical use.4 Cloth or gauze is soaked in this liquid, then applied to the skin for at least 15 minutes. Fresh leaves can be ground up lightly and applied directly to the skin. Alternatively, creams or ointments made from root or leaf can be applied. All topical preparations should be applied several times per day.
Due to variations in pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, root preparations are unsafe for internal use unless they are guaranteed pyrrolizidine-free. Although comfrey root tea has been used traditionally, the danger of its pyrrolizidine alkaloids is significant. Therefore, comfrey root and young leaf preparations should not be taken internally.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Comfrey contains potentially dangerous compounds known as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The roots contain higher levels of these compounds and mature leaves contain very little, if any, of these alkaloids.5 6 Fresh young leaves contain higher amounts (up to 16 times more than mature leaves) and should be avoided.7 Other related forms, such as Russian comfrey (Symphytum uplandicum) and prickly comfrey (S. asperum), are sometimes available or mistakenly sold as regular comfrey but contain higher levels of these alkaloids.8 Several cases of people who developed liver disease or other serious problems from taking capsules or tea of comfrey have been reported over the years.9
Most comfrey products do not list their pyrrolizidine alkaloid content on the label. Therefore, it is best to avoid internal use of products made from comfrey root or young leaves altogether.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with comfrey.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

suma

2008-05-26T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common name
Brazilian ginseng, Para todo
Botanical names
Pfaffia paniculata, Hebanthe paniculata
Parts used and where grown
Suma is a large shrubby vine native to the rain forests of the Amazon and other tropical regions of Latin America, including Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.1 The root of the plant is used medicinally.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Although suma is claimed as an ancient Brazilian folk remedy, no confirmation of that statement is found in the modern literature on medicinal plants. Advocates have claimed suma is an immune enhancer, an adaptogen (helps combat stress), and that it possesses anticancer activities. Test tube studies do indicate possible anti-tumor activity of suma constituents called pfaffosides. Suma has been marketed as Brazilian ginseng, though it is not an adaptogen (a substance that invigorates or strengthens the system) and is not related to Asian ginseng or American ginseng. In light of the lack of known traditional use, and of modern research confirming health benefits, use of suma is not recommended for any condition at this time.2
Active constituents
Suma root contains several major constituents, including the nortriterpene pfaffic acid, six pfaffic acid saponins (pfaffosides A–F), pterosterone, ecdysterone, and ecdysteroid glycosides.3 4 Although widespread claims are made for this herb for the treatment of chronic fatigue, stress, menopausal symptoms, and diabetes, they are not supported by current human clinical research. What little research has been done focuses on the plant’s anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac effects and has been completed only in test tubes or with animals.5 6 7 8
How much is usually taken?
Suma root, 500 to 1,000 mg two to three times per day, can be used.9
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Very little is known about the adverse effects of this herb. Saponins, such as the pfaffosides found in this plant, can cause nausea when taken in excessive quantities. Occupational inhalation of suma dust has been known to trigger asthma.10 The safety of this plant has not been established for use during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with suma.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

boneset

2008-05-25T22:25:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Eupatorium perfoliatum
Parts used and where grown
Boneset belongs to the same botanical family as echinacea and daisy (Asteraceae). It grows primarily in North America. Boneset’s leaves and flowering tops are used medicinally.
Boneset has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Common cold/sore throat
* - Influenza
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Native Americans used boneset as a treatment for a wide range of infectious and fever-related conditions. Europeans eventually adopted the use of the plant, and extended its traditional uses to include malaria.1
Active constituents
Boneset contains sesquiterpene lactones, such as euperfolin, euperfolitin, and eufoliatin, as well as polysaccharides and flavonoids. In a test tube study, a particular polysaccharide in boneset was found to stimulate immune cell function.2 This may partially explain its use to treat minor viral infections, such as colds and the flu. Boneset also triggers sweating by raising body temperature, potentially of benefit for colds and flu as well.3
How much is usually taken?
Traditionally, boneset is taken as a tea or tincture. To prepare a tea, boiling water is added to 1/4–1/2 teaspoon (1–2 grams) of the herb and allowed to steep, covered, for ten to fifteen minutes. Three cups (750 ml) a day may be taken (the tea is quite bitter). Tincture, 1/4–3/4 teaspoon (1–4 ml) three times per day, is also often taken.4
Are there any side effects or interactions?
A small number of people experience nausea and/or vomiting when using boneset. The fresh plant, however, is more likely to cause this than the dried herb. Although potentially liver-damaging chemicals, called pyrrolizidine alkaloids, are found in some plants similar to boneset, the levels in boneset are minimal. There are no known reports of liver damage from taking boneset. Nevertheless, patients with liver disease should avoid boneset, and no one should take it consistently for longer than six months. Boneset is not recommended during pregnancy or breast-feeding. Boneset should not be used when a high fever (over 102 degrees F) is present.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with boneset.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

boldo

2008-05-24T22:25:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Peumus boldus
Parts used and where grown
Boldo is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is native to Chile and is naturalized to the Mediterranean region of Europe. The leaves are used medicinally.1
Boldo has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Indigestion and heartburn
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Boldo has a long history of use by the indigenous people of Chile, as a liver tonic and in the treatment of gallstones.
Active constituents
Boldo contains several types of primary constituents, including volatile oils (for example, ascaridole, eucalyptol), flavonoids, and alkaloids. Boldine, which constitutes about one-fourth of the total number of alkaloids present, is the major alkaloid.2 Scientists believe that boldine is responsible for the plant’s choloretic (bile stimulating) and diuretic actions.3 In conjunction with other herbs, such as cascara, rhubarb, and gentian, boldo has been reported to improve appetite.4 Ascaridole, a compound found in the volatile oil of the plant, has been used as an anti-parasitic agent but is no longer recommended due its to toxic side effects.5
How much is usually taken?
Tinctures that are free of ascaridoles are sometimes recommended. People may take 1 ml of tincture three times per day. Volatile oil of boldo is not recommended due to its high ascaridole content.6 7 The dried leaf can be used as an infusion at 3 grams per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
The German Commission E monograph suggests that only an ascaridole-free preparation should be used internally. Boldo contains terpene-4-ol, an ingredient similar to that found in juniper, and should be avoided by people with kidney disease, as it could cause kidney irritation.8 9 In addition, the herb should not be taken during pregnancy or breast-feeding. It should also be avoided by people who have obstruction of the liver bile duct, or severe liver disease.10 There is one case report of liver damage occurring in a person taking a laxative containing boldo. The herb was suspected, though not proven, to be the cause.11 Excessive use of the herb over long time periods (more than three to four weeks continuously) is not recommended.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with boldo.

Source: www.cncahealth.com

blue flag

2008-05-23T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common name

Fleur-de-Lis
Botanical name

Iris versicolor
Parts used and where grown
The rhizome, or underground stem, of the blue flag (indicating its showy blue flowers) is used medicinally. Blue flag and closely related species (particularly Iris missouriensis, western blue flag) grow across North America.
Blue flag has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Impetigo (topical)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Based on Native American traditions, Eclectic physicians (19th century doctors who relied on herbs) and herbalists used blue flag for a number of conditions. Of note was its use as a nonspecific immune enhancer, as a laxative, and to detoxify the intestinal tract.1 Topical application of fresh, sliced rhizomes to the sores of impetigo (a common bacterial skin infection in children) has been recommended by herbalists.2 Traditional herbalists have used blue flag to treat poor digestion characterized by fat malabsorption.
Active constituents
The resinous fraction of blue flag contains numerous phenolic glycosides. Traditional herbal texts suggest these constituents stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to production of bile, saliva, and sweat.3 However, modern clinical trials have not confirmed these effects for blue flag.
How much is usually taken?
Herbalists sometimes recommend up to 10 drops of tincture of the dried rhizome be taken three times per day.4 The tea form is unlikely to be effective, since the active compounds in blue flag are not water soluble.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Blue flag can cause nausea, vomiting, and loose stools if too much is taken.5 People should not exceed the recommended amount given above. Fresh rhizome should only be applied topically and never taken internally, since it can irritate the mouth6 and is much more likely to cause nausea and diarrhea. Blue flag should only be taken on the advice of a physician or herbalist trained in its use. Blue flag is unsafe for use during pregnancy or breast-feeding. People should not give blue flag to children.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with blue flag.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

bloodroot

2008-05-22T22:25:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Sanguinaria canadensis
Parts used and where grown
Bloodroot grows primarily in North America and in India. The rhizomes and root of the plant contain an orange-red latex.
Bloodroot has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Gingivitis (periodontal disease)
* - Cough
* - Halitosis (rinse)
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

maca

2008-05-21T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common names

Maca, black maca, red maca
Botanical names

Lepidium meyenii, Lepidium peruvianum
Parts used and where grown
Maca is a cruciferous vegetable in the mustard family, related to radishes and turnips. Used as food and medicine in the Andes Mountains of Peru, it is not known to occur naturally anywhere else in the world. The four major cultivars of maca are red, black, cream, and purple; none has been definitely proven to be medicinally superior to any other.
Maca has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Low libido
** - Male infertility
* - Stress
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

Source: www.cncahealth.com

black horehound

2008-05-20T22:25:00.000+05:30

Botanical name

Ballota nigra
Parts used and where grown
This European mint family (Lamiaceae) plant now grows in North America and on other continents as well. The leaf and flower are used medicinally. This plant should not be confused with white horehound, which acts differently.
Black horehound has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Motion sickness
* - Nausea
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

Source: www.cncahealth.com

wood betony

2008-05-19T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common name

Betony, lousewort
Botanical name

Stachys officinalis
Parts used and where grown
Native to Europe, wood betony is now planted in many parts of the world with temperate climates. The primary portions of the plant that are used as medicine are the leaves and flowers, though historically the root has also been used. There are many similar species originating from Eurasia, including Stachys sieboldii (Chinese artichoke, kan lu) and S. atherocalyx (hedge nettle).
Wood betony has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Anxiety
* - Gastritis
* - Shingles
* - Sinusitis
* - Stress
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Wood betony was used in European folk herbalism as a remedy for respiratory tract inflammation, heartburn, urinary tract inflammation, varicose veins, intestinal worm infestations, and failure to thrive.1 It was considered a calming remedy and was used for headaches as well as some forms of neuralgia, including shingles.2
Active constituents
The active constituents of wood betony have not been clearly identified. The tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, and volatile oil found in this plant and its cousins may all contribute to its activity. Almost no research has been conducted on wood betony. Some Russian research in humans apparently suggests it may promote lactation, though the details of these studies are not readily available.3 4
How much is usually taken?
A tea of wood betony can be made by steeping 1 to 2 tsp dried leaf and flower in a cup of water for 15 minutes. One or two cups of this tea can be drunk per day.5 Though generally better between meals, it can be taken with food for convenience or if there is any gastrointestinal upset.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
There are no known adverse effects from use of wood betony other than occasional mild gastrointestinal upset. Its safety in pregnancy and breast-feeding is generally unknown, though as noted above it has been studied in Russia as a way to increase lactation.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with wood betony.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

cleavers

2008-05-18T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common names

Bedstraw, Goose grass
Botanical name: Galium aparine
Parts used and where grown
Cleavers grow in wet areas of Britain, Europe, Asia, and North America. Small prickles grow on the leaves of cleavers, causing it to have a sticky feeling and giving it its name. The leaves and flowers of cleavers are used medicinally.
Cleavers has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
* - Edema
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Cleavers is one of numerous plants considered in ancient times to act as a diuretic.1 It was therefore used to relieve edema and to promote urine formation during bladder infections. It has also been used by people with lymph swellings, jaundice, and wounds.
Active constituents
Galiosin, an anthraquinone glycoside, other glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids may be the major constituents of cleavers. Little research has been conducted on this plant, but preliminary lab experiments suggest it may have antispasmodic activity.2
How much is usually taken?
Cleavers tincture and tea are most widely recommended by herbal practitioners. Tincture (1/2–1 teaspoon or 3–5 ml) can be taken three times per day. Tea is made by steeping 2–3 teaspoons (10–15 grams) of the herb in 1 cup (250 ml) of hot water for ten to fifteen minutes. People can drink three or more cups per day.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Cleavers has no known side effects and is thought to be safe for use by children and pregnant or nursing women.
Are there any drug interactions?

Certain medicines may interact with cleavers. Refer to drug interactions for a list of those medicines.

Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with cleavers: Some interactions may increase the need for cleavers (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate cleavers should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Loop Diuretics (-)
Spironolactone (-)
Thiazide Diuretics (-)
Triamterene (-)
Source: www.cncahealth.com

basil

2008-05-17T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common name

Common basil, sweet basil
Botanical name

Ocimum basilicum
Parts used and where grown
The leaves of basil and its many close relatives are used as medicine. The seeds are also used medicinally in India and Southeast Asia. Though it originates on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East, common basil now grows in gardens all over the world. Three important relatives with similar properties are Ocimum canum (hairy basil), O. gratissimum (basil), and O. sanctum (holy basil).
Basil has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Constipation
** - Diabetes
* - Indigestion
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Basil has been a culinary herb in Europe and Central Asia since before the written word.1 In India the seeds were used for diarrhea, mucous discharges, constipation, and as a general demulcent (soothes mucous membranes);2 the leaves were used for indigestion and skin diseases. In traditional Thai herbalism, the plant is used for coughs, skin diseases, and intestinal problems. The seed is used as a bulk-forming laxative and diuretic.3
Active constituents
Basil contains a strong-scented volatile oil composed primarily of terpenoids, particularly eugenol, thymol, and estragole. Basil also has what are known as chemotypes, minor variations among plants that contain significantly different mixes of constituents. The exact components of basil oil vary widely, being affected not only by these chemotypes but also by factors such as the time of day of harvest.4 This may account for some of the variability in scientific research and reports of medicinal efficacy of basil from culture to culture.
Preliminary studies on holy basil and hairy basil have shown that the leaf and seed may help people with type 2 diabetes control their blood sugar levels.5 6 7 While the action-mechanism of the leaf is not understood, the seed may work by providing dietary fiber, which helps prevent rapid blood sugar elevations after meals. In addition, the seed has been found to relieve constipation by acting as a bulk-forming laxative in one uncontrolled human study.8 A similar study showed the seeds useful in elderly people who experienced constipation after undergoing major surgery.9
The volatile oil of basil has shown antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity in test tube studies.10 It is also believed to act as a carminative, relieving intestinal gas, and as a mild diuretic, though these actions have yet to be definitively proven.11
How much is usually taken?
A tea can be made by steeping 1 teaspoon of basil leaves in one cup of water for ten minutes. Three cups of this tea can be drunk per day. Capsules of basil can be taken in the amount of 2.5 grams per day. The volatile oil can be taken internally in the amount of 2 to 5 drops three times per day.12
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Although concerns have been raised about the possible cancer-causing effects of estragole, a component found in variable amounts in basil volatile oil, small amounts of basil would not seem to pose a significant threat.13 However, because some herbal books suggest that estragole may be potentially carcinogenic and has been thought to stimulate uterine contractions, some herbal experts feel it may be best for pregnant or breast-feeding women to avoid use of the herb, especially the volatile oil.14 People with serious kidney or liver damage should not use basil volatile oil internally, as they could theoretically have trouble eliminating it from their bodies. However, use of basil as a seasoning in food is unlikely to be of concern.
At the time of writing, there were no well-known drug interactions with basil.
Source: www.cncahealth.com

horny goat weed

2008-05-16T22:25:00.000+05:30

Common names

Horny goat weed, barrenwort, yin yang huo
Botanical names

Epimedium grandiflorum, Epimedium sagittatum, Epimedium pubescens, Epimedium brevicornum, Epimedium koreanum
Parts used and where grown
The leaves of various species of Epimedium have been used as the herb known as yin yang huo, which literally translates as horny goat weed, in traditional Chinese medicine. The various species grow naturally from southern central to northern coastal China as well as Korea. Other species of Epimedium are found in many parts of the world, though their similarity to horny goat weed is uncertain.
Horny goat weed has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
** - Atherosclerosis
** - Erectile dysfunction
** - Hay fever
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies)
Horny goat weed has played a vital, multifaceted role in traditional Asian medicine for at least 1,000 years. It is considered a yang tonic, particularly for the "energetic organ" known as the kidney (which corresponds to some extent to the Western concept of the kidney). Enhancing kidney energy in this setting correlates to improving sexual function and fertility.1 Animal studies conducted in China have investigated the use of this herb within the traditional conception of a yang tonic and found effective for that purpose.2 It is also considered helpful for combating what is known as wind-damp-cold blocking circulation of the body’s dynamic life energy, or qi, which in Western terms is similar to hardening of the arteries and related complications. It is particularly used to help people recover from strokes.
In most cases, herbs in traditional Asian medicine are not used singly, but rather as a component of multiherb formulations. One animal study in China found that a combination of horny goat weed and three other herbs was effective at reducing osteoporosis resulting from the use of cortisone-like drugs, but none of the four herbs used alone was effective.3 This finding supports the traditional notion that horny goat weed may be particularly beneficial when used in combination with other herbs.
Active constituents
Horny goat weed contains a number of flavonoids, some of which show estrogen-inhibiting properties in the test tube.4 These hormonal actions may be part of the reason horny goat weed has been used traditionally to treat sexual disorders, and why it has shown efficacy in clinical trials in patients with kidney failure for improving sex drive.5 Other flavonoids in horny goat weed, such as icariin, appear to stimulate the cells that build bone (osteoblasts).6 Rats given flavonoid extracts of horny goat weed are protected against osteoporosis.7 A number of flavonoids showed effects on the immune system that are both stimulating and suppressing depending on the circumstances in the test tube.8 Preliminary human trials in people with kidney disease undergoing dialysis confirm that horny goat weed can improve the function of various portions of the immune system.9 Icariin protects liver cells in the test tube.10
A water extract of horny goat weed has been shown to inhibit growth of new blood vessels, a property potentially useful in stopping the growth of cancerous tumors.11 Extracts of the herb were moderately effective at inhibiting growth of cancer cells in the test tube, though icariin by itself was not.12 Icariin was effective at causing some cancer cells to become more normal in the test tube.13
Lignans have also been found in various species of horny goat weed. Some lignans have been shown in one animal study to stimulate nerve growth.14
A combination of horny goat weed with three other herbs has been shown to inhibit inflammation in several animal studies.15 This might in part explain the observed utility in early studies on the use of horny goat weed–containing formulas in people with hay fever.16 The immune effects of the flavonoids might also be relevant here.
A water extract of the whole herb of horny goat weed was shown to strongly inhibit a herpes simplex virus in the test tube.17 Water extracts of horny goat weed have also been shown to reduce blood pressure in several animal species and to reduce cholesterol levels.18 These extracts have been reported to be helpful in combination with several other herbs in people with what is described in Chinese medicine as kidney yang deficiency, presenting as what would be called in the West hardening of the arteries to the brain leading to dementia.19 This formula was more effective than one not containing horny goat weed. The effectiveness was correlated with antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, and anti-inflammatory effects seen in the people taking the horny goat weed–containing formula.
How much is usually taken?
Traditionally 5 grams (1 tsp) of horny goat weed was taken three times per day, usually after being simmered (decocted) in 250 ml (1 pint) of water for 10 to 15 minutes.20 A similar amount can be taken in the form of granules, which are freeze-dried grains made from decocted herb, or powdered herb in capsules.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
In traditional Chinese medicine, horny goat weed is usually combined with yin tonic herbs when used long term for support of sexual health.21 If this is not done, it is believed the herb could cause problems such as aggressiveness, irritability, fever, or other “hot” symptoms (such as racing heart beat). In animal studies, prolonged use of excessive amounts of horny goat weed was associated with decreased thyroid activity.22
Are there any drug interactions?

Certain medicines may interact with horny goat weed. Refer to drug interactions for a list of those medicines.
Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with horny goat weed: Some interactions may increase the need for horny goat weed (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate horny goat weed should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Oral Corticosteroids (+)

Source: www.cncahealth.com