magnesium

See also

Magnesium for Sports & Fitness
Introduction

Magnesium is an essential mineral to the human body. It is needed for bone, protein, and fatty acid formation, making new cells, activating B vitamins, relaxing muscles, clotting blood, and forming adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the energy the body runs on). The secretion and action of insulin also require magnesium.
Where is it found?
Nuts and grains are good sources of magnesium. Beans, dark green vegetables, fish, and meat also contain significant amounts.
Magnesium has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Science Ratings - Health Concerns
*** - Cardiac arrhythmia
*** - Congestive heart failure
*** - Dysmenorrhea
*** - Gestational hypertension
*** - Kidney stones (citrate in combination with potassium citrate)
*** - Migraine headaches
*** - Mitral valve prolapse
*** - Type 1 diabetes
*** - Type 2 diabetes
** - ADHD
** - Anemia (for thalassemia)
** - Angina
** - Asthma
** - Celiac disease (for deficiency only)
** - Heart attack (IV magnesium immediately following a myocardial infarction)
** - High blood pressure (for people taking potassium-depleting diuretics)
** - Osteoporosis
** - Premenstrual syndrome
** - Urinary urgency (women)
* - Alcohol withdrawal support
* - Anxiety
* - Athletic performance
* - Autism
* - Chronic fatigue syndrome
* - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* - Cluster headache (intravenous)
* - Fibromyalgia
* - Glaucoma
* - Heart attack (oral magnesium)
* - High cholesterol
* - Hypoglycemia
* - Insomnia
* - Insulin resistance syndrome (Syndrome X)
* - Intermittent claudication
* - Multiple sclerosis
* - Preeclampsia
* - Raynaud’s disease
* - Retinopathy
* - Sickle cell anemia
* - Stroke
*** - Reliable and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit.

** - Contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit.

* - For an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. For a supplement, little scientific support and/or minimal health benefit.
Who is likely to be deficient?
Magnesium deficiency is common in people taking “potassium-depleting” prescription diuretics. Taking too many laxatives can also lead to deficiency. Alcoholism, severe burns, diabetes, and heart failure are other potential causes of deficiency. In a study of urban African-American people (predominantly female), the overall prevalence of magnesium deficiency was 20%. People with a history of alcoholism were six times more likely to have magnesium deficiency than were people without such a history.1 The low magnesium status seen in alcoholics with liver cirrhosis contributes to the development of hypertension in these people.2
Almost two-thirds of people in intensive care hospital units have been found to be magnesium deficient.3 Deficiency may also occur in people with chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, and other conditions associated with malabsorption.
Fatigue, abnormal heart rhythms, muscle weakness and spasm, depression, loss of appetite, listlessness, and potassium depletion can all result from a magnesium deficiency. People with these symptoms should be evaluated by a doctor before taking magnesium supplements.
As previously mentioned, magnesium levels have been found to be low in people with chronic fatigue syndrome.
Deficiencies of magnesium that are serious enough to cause symptoms should be treated by medical doctors, as they might require intravenous administration of magnesium.4
How much is usually taken?
Most people don’t consume enough magnesium in their diets. Many nutritionally oriented doctors recommend 250–350 mg per day of supplemental magnesium for adults.
Are there any side effects or interactions?
Comments in this section are limited to effects from taking oral magnesium. Side effects from intravenous use of magnesium are not discussed.
Taking too much magnesium often leads to diarrhea. For some people this can happen with amounts as low as 350–500 mg per day. More serious problems can develop with excessive magnesium intake from magnesium-containing laxatives. However, the amounts of magnesium found in nutritional supplements are unlikely to cause such problems. People with kidney disease should not take magnesium supplements without consulting a doctor.
Vitamin B6 increases the amount of magnesium that can enter cells. As a result, these two nutrients are often taken together. Magnesium may compete for absorption with other minerals, particularly calcium. Taking a multimineral supplement avoids this potential problem.

Drug Interactions
Certain medicines interact with magnesium: Some interactions may increase the need for magnesium (+), other interactions may be negative (-) and indicate magnesium should not be taken without first speaking with your physician or pharmacist, others may require further explanation (?). Refer to the individual drug article for specific details about an interaction.
Note: The following list only includes the generic or class name of a medicine. To find a specific brand name, use the Medicines index.
Albuterol (+)
Alendronate (?)
Amiloride (-)
Amphotericin B (+)
Azithromycin (?)
Cimetidine (-)
Ciprofloxacin (-)
Cisplatin (+)
Cycloserine (+)
Cyclosporine (+)
Digoxin (+)
Docusate (+)
Doxycycline (-)
Epinephrine (?)
Erythromycin (+)
Estrogens (Combined) (?)
Famotidine (?)
Felodipine (+)
Fentanyl (+)
Gemifloxacin (-)
Gentamicin (+)
Glimepiride (+)
Glipizide (?)
Hydroxychloroquine (-)
Isoniazid (+)
Levofloxacin (-)
Loop Diuretics (+)
Medroxyprogesterone (?)
Metformin (?)
Minocycline (+) (-)
Misoprostol (-)
Mixed Amphetamines (+) (-)
Neomycin (+)
Nitrofurantoin (-)
Nizatidine (?)
Ofloxacin (-)
Oral Contraceptives (+)
Oral Corticosteroids (+) (-)
Quinidine (+)
Quinolones (-)
Risedronate (-)
Sotalol (+)
Spironolactone (-)
Sulfamethoxazole (+)
Tetracycline (-)
Tetracyclines (-)
Theophylline/Aminophylline (+)
Thiazide Diuretics (+)
Tobramycin (+)
Triamterene (-)
Trimethoprim (+)
Warfarin (-)

Source: www.cncahealth.com